The International Journal of Educational Sciences and Arts
The International Journal of Educational Sciences and Arts (IJESA) is an international refereed scientific journal specialized in the fields of education, libraries and information, languages, psychology, sociology, philosophy, history, geography, archeology, media, and political sciences. It is published by the publishing house “Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing” located in London, United Kingdom. Which is managed by academics with long scientific experiences. The journal is interested in publishing scientific research that contains originality, modernity, and scientific methodology, which constitute a useful scientific addition, whether in Arabic or English. The research published in the journal is subject to an arbitration process by a group of specialized academic professors from many countries of the world. The journal is also responsible for indexing and archiving Arab scientific and knowledge production in major international scientific databases. ISSN 2976-7237 (Online) Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.59992/ijesa.issn.2976-7237
The Emirati Family as a Protective System: The Sociology of Intellectual Immunity in the Face of Fluidity in Contemporary Religious Discourse
This study examines the Emirati family as a protective social system confronting what has come to be known as the "fluidity of contemporary religious discourse" - a condition in which stable intellectual and religious reference points recede under the pressure of digital openness and the accelerating flow of information. This phenomenon generates multiplicity of channels, diversity of platforms, and fragmented responses, leaving individuals susceptible to rapidly shifting and contradictory ideas. The study proceeds from the premise that the family, as the primary social institution, plays a pivotal role in building a value system and shaping sound religious awareness, thereby contributing to the intellectual immunisation of individuals against the unstable ideological influences generated by digital globalisation and the proliferation of religious knowledge sources. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology supported by an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. This involved two complementary phases: a quantitative phase using a questionnaire administered to a sample of thirty guardians, and a qualitative phase comprising semi-structured interviews with ten to fifteen specialists from relevant governmental and academic bodies. Findings revealed a high degree of "cognitive vigilance" among Emirati families, with 83.3% demonstrating awareness of the risks of digital fluidity and the proliferation of reference sources. At the same time, the study identified a significant "practice gap": actual digital monitoring did not exceed 53.3%, and 71% of guardians reported deficiencies in digital privacy skills. Results further indicated a high level of trust in official national institutions, reaching 80%, reinforcing an integrative model that links the family system to the institutional apparatus of the state. The study produced a proposed strategic framework entitled "The Fortified Fortress" (Al-Hisn Al-Haseen), grounded in five principles: protective empowerment, organic institutional integration, anticipatory action, national reference, and sustainability. Recommendations were directed at stakeholders and included: establishing a national coordinating council for intellectual immunity; launching programmes for digital parenting competence; developing cognitive discernment curricula in educational institutions; and creating interactive advocacy platforms designed to engage youth in the language of the digital age.
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The Technological Approaches and Their Role in Developing Speaking and Writing Skills among Learners of the Arabic Language: A Descriptive and Analytical Study in Consideration of the Challenges of Digital Integration
Computing represents one of the most significant modern technological media, playing a vital role in fostering creative thinking, problem-solving, and learner skill development. Language education is a field that demands constant renewal and innovation in the processes of knowledge delivery and acquisition through the most advanced contemporary methods, with the goal of achieving effective and sustainable learning. Many world languages have successfully attained their pedagogical objectives through the integration of modern technological tools, most notably English, which serves as a living model of such success. Owing to its global reach, adaptability, and linguistic flexibility, English has become deeply embedded in diverse linguistic communities, exerting a profound influence across all spheres of life and solidifying its status as a dominant global language (Crystal, 2012; Warschauer, 2013). By contrast, the Arabic language today faces a series of crises and challenges, particularly in its teaching and learning, and especially among non-native speakers (Alrabai, 2020). The acquisition of any language relies fundamentally on the mastery of its core skills; therefore, this study focuses on the productive skills, speaking and writing, as the primary communicative channels that manifest the learner’s ability to express meaning both orally and in written form (Bygate, 2018). Through a descriptive and analytical lens, this research explores how technological approaches can enhance these skills within the broader framework of digital integration, highlighting pedagogical implications for Arabic language instruction in the modern era.
Patterns of Saudi Audience Interaction with AI-Generated Content and Their Implications for the Nature of Digital Relationships in Saudi Society
This study aims to examine the relationship between patterns of Saudi audience interaction with AI-generated content and their implications for the nature of digital relationships within Saudi society. The study is grounded in a central research problem: the accelerating reliance of individuals and institutions on algorithmic content, including personalized advertisements, intelligent visual designs, and interactive chatbots, and the resulting transformations in social communication patterns, digital family cohesion, digital value systems, and levels of cyber social trust and safety. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method within a quantitative research framework, using an electronic questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The target population consists of Saudi users of digital platforms and artificial intelligence applications. A random sample of no fewer than 384 respondents is proposed, based on the Krejcie and Morgan formula. The study employs a five-point Likert scale to measure respondents’ attitudes toward the dimensions of AI-generated content, including algorithmic personalization, creative and visual attraction, and automated interactivity, as well as their perceived social implications for digital relationships. The significance of this study lies in its attempt to conceptualize “smart digital relationships” as an emerging form of social connection shaped through non-human algorithmic mediation. It also contributes to a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and security-related implications of audience interaction with intelligent content in Saudi society. Furthermore, the study offers practical insights that may assist media institutions, social organizations, and decision-makers in managing public interaction with artificial intelligence technologies in ways that enhance the quality of human relationships, preserve social values, and support the development of a safe and balanced digital environment in alignment with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.
Media Disinformation in Saudi Arabia in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study of Transformations and Implications for Digital Credibility
This study aims to analyze the transformations introduced by generative artificial intelligence into patterns of media disinformation within the digital environment of Saudi Arabia, and to examine their implications for digital credibility in terms of information accuracy, source independence, and public trust. The study is grounded in a central research problem: the growing ability of generative models to produce hyper-realistic textual and visual content, including fake news, deepfakes, and algorithmically targeted messages. Such developments have made it increasingly difficult to distinguish between truth and fabrication, posing unprecedented professional, ethical, and epistemic challenges for media institutions and digital audiences. The study adopts a media survey method within a descriptive-analytical framework, using a questionnaire as the main tool for collecting quantitative data from a representative sample of social media users in Saudi Arabia. The proposed sample size consists of 384 respondents, determined according to the Krejcie and Morgan formula. The study focuses on measuring users’ exposure to forms of automated disinformation, assessing the impact of generative AI on the dimensions of digital credibility, and exploring users’ perceptions of verification practices and information literacy in confronting synthetic media manipulation. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to bridging a research gap in Arabic and Saudi media scholarship concerning the relationship between generative AI and media disinformation. It also provides an analytical framework that may assist media institutions and policymakers in understanding the risks of synthetic disinformation and in developing technological and awareness-based strategies to strengthen digital credibility and protect the Saudi media space in alignment with national digital transformation and Saudi Vision 2030.
The effectiveness of digital government communication via the X platform in reaching the local audience: An applied study on the account of the Eastern Province Municipality
This study aims to measure the effectiveness of digital government communication on Platform X in reaching local audiences through an applied study of the official account of the Eastern Province Municipality. The study is grounded in the rapid transformations of government communication, as social media platforms have become essential tools for disseminating information, enhancing transparency, and enabling direct interaction between government institutions and the public. In the context of Saudi Arabia’s digital transformation under Saudi Vision 2030, the study highlights the importance of examining the extent to which local government accounts can achieve meaningful audience reach rather than merely publishing communication messages. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and a media survey method, using a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 400 members of the local audience who follow the official account of the Eastern Province Municipality on Platform X. It focuses on analyzing the nature of the published communication content, measuring audience engagement through digital indicators such as likes, reposts, and comments, and examining the communication factors that affect effectiveness, including message clarity, content diversity, posting regularity, and the relevance of content to local audience interests. The study is theoretically grounded in Media Richness Theory and Media Dependency Theory. Media Richness Theory helps explain how diverse and interactive content forms may enhance understanding and reduce ambiguity, while Media Dependency Theory explains the extent to which audiences rely on the official account as a source of information related to municipal services and activities. The significance of this study lies in providing both scholarly and practical insights into the effectiveness of local digital government communication, contributing to the development of institutional communication strategies, improving public engagement, and strengthening the reach of government messages to beneficiaries in the Eastern Province.
The effectiveness of media content in crisis communication management for official spokespeople in government agencies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
This study aims to measure the effectiveness of media content in crisis communication management among official spokespersons in government entities in Saudi Arabia. It is situated within the rapid transformations of institutional communication and the growing reliance on digital media and social networking platforms for information dissemination and public engagement. The study is grounded in a central research problem concerning the need to analyze the nature of media messages delivered by official spokespersons during crises, and the extent to which such messages achieve clarity, credibility, and timely response, thereby enhancing public trust and limiting rumors and inaccurate information. The study adopts a mixed-method approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methods. A questionnaire is used to measure the perceptions of official spokespersons in Saudi government entities regarding the characteristics, formulation, and effectiveness of media content during crises. In addition, content analysis is employed to examine actual media messages issued in crisis situations, including press releases, digital posts, and official videos. The study is theoretically grounded in Media Richness Theory, which provides an appropriate framework for understanding how media diversity, interactivity, and message richness contribute to improving communication quality during crises. The significance of this study lies in its focus on the official spokesperson as a central actor in government crisis communication and as a formal media interface responsible for delivering accurate, transparent, and credible messages. The study seeks to provide an analytical framework that may assist government entities in developing more effective media content, improving institutional communication strategies during emergencies, and strengthening their ability to manage public trust and protect institutional reputation in a media environment characterized by speed, interactivity, and multiple information sources.
The role of generative algorithms in changing the structure of knowledge production and improving the quality of measurement tools in digital media research
This study aims to examine the role of generative algorithms in transforming the structure of knowledge production and improving the quality of measurement tools in digital media research. It is situated within the rapid transformations brought about by generative artificial intelligence in scientific research and digital media studies. The study is grounded in a central research problem concerning the growing use of generative algorithms in producing academic texts, analyzing data, and designing measurement tools, and the epistemological and methodological questions this raises regarding the reliability of generated knowledge, the limits of machine intervention in research processes, and the impact of these technologies on the validity, reliability, and objectivity of research instruments. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, using an electronic questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The sample consists of researchers, faculty members, and postgraduate students in media and communication departments who have interest or experience in digital media research and generative artificial intelligence applications. The study focuses on measuring the role of generative algorithms in reshaping knowledge production, improving the quality of measurement tools such as questionnaires and content analysis instruments, and identifying the methodological and ethical challenges associated with their use, including algorithmic bias, excessive reliance on automated outputs, and the need for human oversight in maintaining research context and scientific rigor. The findings indicate that generative algorithms contribute to improving the quality of measurement tools by enhancing item clarity, organizing research instrument components, increasing internal consistency, and generating multiple alternatives for measurement design. The results also show that these algorithms may help reduce certain methodological errors; however, they do not eliminate the need for the researcher’s role in interpretation, critical analysis, and scientific validation. The significance of this study lies in presenting a scholarly framework for understanding the complementary relationship between human intelligence and artificial intelligence in digital media research, contributing to the development of more accurate measurement tools and strengthening the quality of knowledge production in the digital media environment.
The role of podcasts in shaping cultural identity in Saudi Arabia
This study aims to examine the role of podcasts in shaping cultural identity in Saudi Arabia amid the rapid transformations brought about by communication technologies and digital media. The study is grounded in a central research problem: the increasing reliance of audiences, particularly young people, on podcasts as a contemporary media platform that combines knowledge, entertainment, audio storytelling, and cultural interaction. This makes podcasting a potentially influential medium in shaping the components of cultural identity, including language, values, heritage, belonging, and social traditions. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection from a simple random sample of active podcast listeners. It seeks to measure patterns of podcast use, the extent to which audiences depend on podcasts as a source of cultural content, and the impact of exposure to podcast content on cultural awareness and identity formation. The study is theoretically grounded in the Uses and Gratifications Theory and Cultivation Theory. The former explains audience motivations for using podcasts and the cognitive, emotional, and social gratifications derived from them, while the latter explains the cumulative influence of repeated exposure to audio content in reinforcing cultural values and shaping perceptions of identity. The significance of this study lies in its focus on podcasting as an emerging form of digital media capable of supporting Saudi cultural identity in the face of digital globalization and transnational media content. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how podcasts can enhance cultural awareness, reinforce social and human values, and create space for dialogue and interaction between individuals and society. Its findings may also help guide the development of culturally relevant podcast content that speaks to young audiences through a contemporary digital language while preserving authenticity, belonging, and cultural continuity.
The role of digital media legislation in combating hate speech on online platforms: Platform (X) as a case study
This study aims to analyze the role of digital media regulations in combating hate speech on electronic platforms, with Platform X serving as a case study. It addresses the rapid transformations of the digital communication environment, where online platforms have expanded opportunities for expression, interaction, and public debate, while also creating spaces for the spread of incitement, discrimination, and exclusionary discourse. The study is grounded in a central research problem concerning the ability of current legislative and regulatory frameworks to keep pace with the borderless and fast-moving nature of digital communication, while regulating harmful content without undermining freedom of expression. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach through the analysis of relevant legal texts, digital media legislation, and previous studies. It also employs a questionnaire to measure users’ awareness of hate speech on Platform X and their knowledge of digital media regulations governing electronic content. The study is theoretically grounded in Social Responsibility Theory, which provides an appropriate framework for understanding the balance between media freedom and ethical and legal obligations toward society, particularly in relation to content that may threaten social peace and human dignity. The significance of this study lies in its focus on one of the most pressing issues in the digital media environment. It seeks to assess the effectiveness of digital media legislation in limiting hate speech and to identify the legal and technical challenges associated with applying such legislation to electronic platforms. The study also offers scholarly insights that may assist policymakers and regulatory bodies in developing more effective frameworks that balance user protection, freedom of expression, and the promotion of a responsible and safe digital communication environment.
The effectiveness of computer simulation to develop conceptual comprehension in science for second year middle school students in Al-Kharj governorate
The research aims to reveal the effectiveness of computer simulations for developing conceptual comprehension in science among second-year intermediate school students in Al-Kharj Governorate, using the quasi-experimental approach. To answer the research questions, the researcher built the research tool, which is a conceptual comprehension test that measures the level of explanation, interpretation, and application. The research population consisted of (3,114) female students in the second intermediate grade in Al-Kharj Governorate, while the research sample was chosen by a simple random method and consisted of (49) female students from the second intermediate grade in the eighteenth intermediate school for girls in Al-Kharj Governorate, which was chosen by a simple random method. The sample was divided into two equal groups: the experimental group, consisting of (28) female students, and the control group, consisting of (21) female students. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, and the results of the research confirmed the effectiveness of computer simulations for developing conceptual understanding in science among female second-year intermediate students in Al-Kharj Governorate. The researcher recommends producing educational simulation programs that support the Arabic language for various educational levels in science.
Social Conflict and the Struggle for Power: A Weberian Reading of Marsha Norman’s Selected Plays
This paper will examine the depiction of conflict within Getting Out (1977) and ‘night, Mother (1982) written by Marsha Norman using the ideas of Max Weber. In spite of the fact that much of the existing literature on these plays focuses on the feminist and psychoanalytic approaches, this research proposes a sociological analysis of the works and will show how the conflict becomes entrenched within the structure of social relations. The study is based on a qualitative interpretative method that relies on textual analysis. Certain scenes of the plays will be chosen to reveal the nature of the conflict and its social causes. These will be defined according to the basic categories of Weber’s sociology, such as class, status, power, domination, and legitimation. It is clear that conflicts in both plays emerge on different levels including interpersonal, family, and societal and have much to do with structural inequality. While Getting Out focuses on conflict as an outside phenomenon when the protagonist tries to gain autonomy and be reintegrated into society amidst resistance, ‘night, Mother features a conflict on an internal level, resulting in self-destruction because of the lack of agency and social repression. As shown from the findings, conflict is an inseparable part of social life but can result in either success or tragedy based on whether people can resist and have adequate resources. As can be seen, the study makes a valuable contribution to literature studies through introducing a Weberian theoretical analysis of Norman’s plays which creates a connection between sociology and literary studies.
The Efficacy of Moral Education and the Concept of the "Circle of Trust" in Reinforcing the Digital and Intellectual Security of the Child: An Analytical Study of the "Roblox" Environment and Interactive Platforms
This study analyzed the effectiveness of moral education and the concept of the "Circle of Trust" in enhancing the digital and intellectual security of children, using the Roblox platform and interactive platforms as a model. The research problem stemmed from the gap resulting from accelerated digital transformation and the emergence of novel intellectual and behavioral threats (such as grooming, social engineering, and dark patterns) that bypass traditional control mechanisms, exploiting the characteristics of User-Generated Content (UGC). The study adopted an integrated descriptive-analytical approach combined with direct scientific observation and content analysis tools, in addition to the inductive method to track and analyze three documented real-world cases. The study reached pivotal results, most notably: the failure of automated algorithmic monitoring systems to detect coded language and ideological symbols, and the existence of a close correlation between the success of digital grooming and the collapse of the "Secure Base" within the family. The study concluded that the child's self-cognitive and moral immunization takes precedence over forced prohibition policies, and it presented a proposed preventive intervention matrix (Circle of Trust) graduated across three levels: Self, Family, and Trusted Digital Community.
Male Greeting Practices in Iraqi Culture: Workplace Etiquette and Generational Variation from a Linguistic Perspective
This research paper is from a sociolinguistics point of view on male greeting behavior in Iraqi culture focusing mainly on greeting in the workplace and the differences in the different generations. This research aims to examine the interplay of traditional Islamic greeting categories (e.g., “As-salamu alaykum”) within the current sociocultural context of the workplace – given the norms and expectations of the current generation, as well as the humanities of globalization and priming – with reference to politeness theory, face-saving strategies and intercultural communication. The findings demonstrate that there are significant differences in regard to greeting formality, code switching and traditional verbal and nonverbal greetings between older and younger Iraqi men. There are recognizable hierarchies of greetings in the workplace linked to each social status, age, and between professional relationships. The linguistic landscape is a complex one, with urban-rural differences in all regions and the influence of western languages, as well as digital communication. It uses qualitative and quantitative approaches such as sociolinguistic surveys, analysis of discourse and observational methods of data collection. Results show that although symbols of religion and culture are retained, code switching in Arab-English greetings is growing among the younger generations, especially in the work environment. Gender is important as it shapes the style of greeting in the workplace, and male interactions with male colleagues showed more physical intimacy than across-gender interactions. The study adds to the knowledge of Arabic sociolinguistics, intercultural communication in Middle Eastern contexts and the maintenance and safeguard of cultural identity in the age of globalization.
Ethical Dimensions and Issues of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Education: A PRISMA-Informed Systematic Literature Review
Background. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded across K–12 and higher education for assessment, tutoring, feedback, predictive analytics, student support, content generation, and institutional decision-making. The rapid diffusion of generative AI has compressed adoption timelines and intensified pre-existing ethical debates surrounding privacy, fairness, transparency, accountability, learner agency, and academic integrity. Objective. This PRISMA-informed systematic literature review synthesizes recent peer-reviewed scholarship and policy-oriented evidence concerning the ethical dimensions of AI applications in education, with particular emphasis on the 2023–2025 period. Methods. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 reporting framework. Predefined review questions, eligibility criteria, a reproducible search-string template, a screening protocol, and a thematic synthesis approach were applied. Searches drew on Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink, supplemented by policy literature from UNESCO, the OECD, and the European Union. A thematic synthesis was conducted across recurring ethical domains, and a quality-appraisal plan suited to the heterogeneity of the corpus was specified. Results. Six interdependent ethical domains were consistently identified across the corpus: (1) privacy and surveillance; (2) fairness, bias, and inclusion; (3) transparency and explainability; (4) accountability and governance; (5) learner and educator agency; and (6) academic integrity. Five cross-cutting tensions characterize the field: personalization versus surveillance, efficiency versus pedagogical autonomy, innovation versus fairness, automation versus accountability, and assistance versus integrity. Persistent gaps include limited longitudinal and comparative empirical work, underrepresentation of K–12 and Global South contexts, insufficient attention to procurement and platform governance, and a tendency to treat heterogeneous AI technologies as interchangeable. Conclusions. Ethical AI in education should be conceptualized not only as a technical design problem but also as a pedagogical, institutional, and sociopolitical challenge. Responsible adoption requires participatory governance, transparent procurement, meaningful human oversight, redesigned assessment, and context-sensitive policy. Future research should prioritize longitudinal and implementation-focused studies, technology-specific risk–benefit assessment, and stronger representation of underrepresented educational contexts.
The reciprocal relationship between music and visual art: the interplay between melodies and colors – the overall artwork
This study examines the structural relationship between music and visual art as two epistemological systems intersecting within the field of aesthetics and reflecting the cognitive structure of human perception. The research departs from the premise that the parallel between auditory rhythm and visual form is not merely formal similarity but rather an expression of multimodal perception and synesthesia, where sensory modalities converge through cognitive and aesthetic synthesis. The study aims to analyze how rhythm in music transforms into visual composition, and how concepts such as time, movement, and space manifest within painting and sculpture as they do within melody and harmony. It also investigates the role of aesthetic awareness in shaping artistic experience by exploring the interplay between form and content across both domains, revealing the unity of perception that underlies sound and image. A descriptive-analytical methodology is employed, integrating the phenomenological approach with structural analysis to connect symbolic systems in auditory and visual arts. The research concludes that aesthetic experience can only be understood as a cognitive construction that transcends disciplinary boundaries, positioning art and music as interdependent epistemic systems through which humanity redefines its relationship with the world by means of synesthetic perception and creative cognition. phenomenological approach with structural analysis to connect symbolic systems in auditory and visual arts. The research concludes that aesthetic experience can only be understood as a cognitive construction that transcends disciplinary boundaries, positioning art and music as interdependent epistemic systems through which humanity redefines its relationship with the world.
Humor in social networking Sites and its repercussions on the behavior of young people
Social media platforms serve as virtual communities where communication, interactions, and social connections arise, significantly influencing the formation of individuals' cultural identities. Humor is one of the cultural elements that spreads widely across the virtual world, which originated through social media, and the youth category is one of the strong groups that follow digital content, and young people are usually attracted to humorous content in particular, which reflects their daily experiences. Through young people sharing jokes and humor, the bonds between them are strengthened and their sense of collective identity is enhanced. Humor circulating on social media also influences the behavior of young people, serving as a tool for expressing opinions and alleviating daily and life pressures. Despite the positive aspects observed in the dissemination of humorous content across various social segments in general، and among young people in particular, we cannot ignore the negative effects some of it can have Humor can manifest in social interactions as mockery and bullying, highlighting the dangers of the rapidly spreading humor found in the digital sphere. Therefore, this research aims to examine the role and risks of humor disseminated through social media platforms, which significantly influences young people's opinions on social issues. Humor is a powerful and accessible tool for attracting attention, as it simplifies concepts and presents issues in a straightforward and humorous way that captures interest and sparks discussions on all topics relevant to society. The social survey method was used to analyze and study the phenomenon, employing a questionnaire as the data collection tool for the research topic. The study was conducted on a purposive, random sample of 50 individuals, distributing the questionnaire to students at the University of Mosul. The research yielded several key findings, including: - Social media platforms are important for disseminating and acquiring knowledge, communicating with others, and opening channels for social interaction and the exchange of experiences. - Humor circulating on social media provides a platform for young people to freely express their desires and opinions on local and global social issues. - The humor promoted and shared by young people is a double-edged sword, depending on the topics discussed, the methods of presentation, and the individuals and situations depicted.
Reasons for the decline in reading and writing skills among students in grades (3-8) from the perspective of Arabic language teachers in the South Sharqiyah Governorate
This study aims to investigate the causes of low reading and writing proficiency among students in grades (3–8) from the perspective of Arabic language teachers in schools of the South Al Sharqiyah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. Reading and writing skills represent fundamental pillars of the educational process, as they constitute the basis of learning and serve as gateways to knowledge acquisition and critical thinking. The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the main data collection instrument administered to a sample of male and female Arabic language teachers. The findings revealed that the decline in reading and writing skills is attributed to multiple interrelated factors classified into five main domains. First, student-related factors, most notably neglecting reading and writing assignments (93%), fear and shyness of classroom participation (89%), and frequent absenteeism before completing the academic syllabus (65%). Second, classroom and instructional factors, including overcrowded classrooms (92%), dense and difficult curricular content (80%), and excessive focus on examinations at the expense of practical application (56%). Third, family-related factors, which were identified as the most influential, including limited parental follow-up (95%), weak family–school cooperation (94%), and parents’ lack of strategies to address their children’s learning difficulties (91%). Fourth, administrative and supervisory factors, such as limited reinforcement of students participating in language activities and competitions (63%), scarcity of specialized discussion forums addressing reading and writing difficulties (60%), and inadequate supervisory follow-up of remedial and enrichment plans (41%). Fifth, factors related to the educational system, particularly the promotion of low-achieving students without ensuring mastery of basic skills, a practice supported by 79% of the teachers, which was found to widen learning gaps and lead to cumulative learning deficiencies in subsequent grades. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening the educational role of the family through awareness and guidance programs that enhance school–community partnerships, activating remedial and enrichment plans under the supervision of school administrations and educational supervisors, reducing classroom density to allow for individualized follow-up and continuous assessment, reviewing curricula to align with students’ abilities and real-life contexts, and developing assessment methods to be formative and comprehensive while accounting for individual differences. Additionally, the study emphasizes training teachers on modern strategies for teaching Arabic and diagnosing reading and writing difficulties, and reconsidering promotion policies to ensure students’ mastery of essential skills prior to grade advancement.
The Role of Employing Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Developing Organizational Agility in Private Universities
This study aimed to identify the role of employing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in developing organizational agility in private universities located in Amman Governorate. The study population consisted of faculty and administrative staff at the following universities: Al-Zaytoonah University, University of Petra, and Middle East University, with a total number of (3040) members during the academic year (2024/2025). The study sample comprised (388) faculty and administrative members selected through a convenient sampling method. The descriptive correlational methodology was used to achieve the study objectives. The researchers developed the study instrument—a questionnaire—consisting of two axes: the first on artificial intelligence technologies, and the second on the development of organizational agility. The results indicated that the degree of employing artificial intelligence technologies in private universities in Amman Governorate from the employees' perspective was high, with an overall mean score of (3.69). The results also showed that the level of organizational agility in these universities, from the employees’ point of view, was moderate, with a mean score of (3.34) Additionally, the results revealed no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α=0.05) in the mean scores of the study sample responses related to AI technologies in the domains of material requirements, technical requirements, and human requirements. However, statistically significant differences were found at (α=0.05) in the administrative requirements domain. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α=0.05) attributable to the variables of gender, academic qualification, years of service, and job type in all domains. The findings also indicated a positive correlation between the employment of AI technologies and the development of organizational agility among employees in private universities in Amman Governorate, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of (0.862), which is statistically significant at (α=0.05) In light of these results, the researchers recommend that universities organize training courses and workshops aimed at enhancing the AI application skills of both academic and administrative staff.
Artificial Intelligence Technologies Employment
The uses of digital media by Saudi youth and its role in shaping their social awareness
This study aimed to explore the role of digital media in shaping the social awareness of Saudi youth, in light of the Kingdom's rapid digital transformation and in line with the goals of Vision 2030, which focuses on empowering youth and enhancing their community participation. The study sought to identify the patterns of digital platform use among Saudi youth (aged 18-34), assess their level of awareness of social issues, and examine the relationship between exposure to these platforms and the formation of their awareness. It also aimed to identify differences attributable to demographic variables (gender, educational attainment, and age). The study's theoretical framework was based on the Uses and Gratifications Theory to explain the motivations of young people in using digital media and the gratifications they derive from it. Methodologically, the study employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a survey sampling method. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire designed to measure the study variables and verify its psychometric properties (validity and reliability). The study was conducted on a convenience sample of 384 young Saudis. The importance of this study lies in providing a cognitive and applied framework that helps decision-makers and media and educational institutions to understand the new dynamics of shaping social awareness in the digital space, which contributes to developing strategies that promote the positive use of these platforms in a way that serves national identity and social values.
Developing a tool to measure Employee wellbeing in Saudi work Environment
This study aimed to develop a tool to measure the multidimensional well-being of employees in Saudi work environment. It sought to identify and assess the psychological, emotional, professional, organizational, cultural, health, and environmental aspects of workplace well-being. The researcher designed the tool based on theoretical frameworks and previous studies, and ensured its validity and reliability through psychometric analysis. The tool consists of 20 items distributed across four dimensions: psychological and emotional, professional and functional, organizational and cultural, and health and environmental. It was applied to a pilot sample of 150 employees, followed by a final sample of 700 employees across various sectors. The results confirmed the high internal consistency and reliability of the tool using Cronbach’s Alpha, Omega, and split-half methods. The items demonstrated significant correlations at the (0.01) level with their respective dimensions and with the total score of the scale. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting this tool as a standardized local measure to assess employee well-being in the Saudi workplace, and to support institutional efforts aimed at enhancing employee satisfaction and productivity.
Satisfying psychological needs and its relationship to the level of marital compatibility according to Maslow’s theory among a sample of married men in Jeddah
This study aimed to examine the relationship between the fulfillment of psychological needs and marital adjustment according to Maslow’s theory among a sample of married men in the city of Jeddah. The study adopted the descriptive correlational approach and was conducted on a sample of 439 married men selected using the simple random sampling method. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed two scales: a psychological needs scale consisting of psychological and social dimensions, and a marital adjustment scale comprising intellectual, emotional, and familial dimensions. The psychometric properties of both instruments were verified, and appropriate statistical methods were employed, such as Pearson correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the fulfillment of psychological needs and marital adjustment among the sample. The findings also indicated that the level of marital adjustment among married men in Jeddah was high. Additionally, significant differences were found in the level of psychological needs fulfillment based on age and years of marriage, while no statistically significant differences were found in marital adjustment levels based on the same variables. The study recommends the importance of promoting marital counseling, focusing on fulfilling psychological needs, and raising public awareness through social media about the significance of psychological well-being for spouses and its role in building a healthy, well-adjusted family.
Investigating Vocabulary Learning Challenges Faced by Libyan Students in the English Department at Derna University Al-Qubbah Branch
Vocabulary is one of the basic components of language learning, as it is necessary for achieving fluency in language skills. However, many students struggle with vocabulary learning challenges, which negatively impact their academic performance. The proposed study aims to identify the difficulties faced by English language students in learning vocabulary and to suggest strategies for improvement. This research is based on quantitative research methods using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Participants were thirty English students at the English Department of Derna University- Al-Qubbah branch- (fifteen from the first year and fifteen from the third year). The questionnaire asked students what strategies they used to learn new English vocabulary. The results indicated that key difficulties reported include short-term memory issues, difficulty with long words, incorrect usage, and lack of practice. The study recommends incorporating visual aids, definitions, drawing, feedback, and group role-play.
The extent to which private school principals in the capital, Amman, possess the competencies to integrate students with disabilities into the Supportive Education Program
This study aimed to identify the extent to which principals of private schools in the capital (Amman) possess the competencies required for integrating students with disabilities into supportive education programs, from the teachers’ perspectives. The study population consisted of (2,500) teachers working in private schools in Amman, and an accessible sample of (335) teachers was selected. The researchers employed the correlational descriptive method, and data were collected using a questionnaire after verifying its validity and reliability. The results revealed that principals’ overall level of competencies was moderate, with affective competencies ranking highest, followed by social competencies, while organizational competencies ranked lowest. The findings also showed that female principals outperformed males in organizational, social, and affective competencies, while no statistically significant differences were found based on academic qualification. Moreover, the results indicated that principals with more than ten years of experience scored higher in affective competencies only. The results emphasized the need to strengthen organizational, educational, and professional competencies, develop principal preparation programs to include practical applications in inclusion, enhance affective and social competencies for new principals and those with fewer than ten years of experience, create inclusive classroom environments, monitor student performance, and utilize supportive teaching tools and technologies to ensure the quality of inclusive education and support programs. The researchers recommended enhancing principals’ competencies in the organizational, educational, professional, administrative, affective, and social domains through specialized training programs and improving leadership preparation programs. It also called for expanding research to build a national competency framework. Additionally, the study stressed the importance of forming individualized follow-up teams for students with disabilities, providing inclusive classroom environments, organizing professional meetings for teachers, activating psychological counseling, designing collaborative activities, ensuring continuous assessment, and promoting the use of supportive educational technologies to improve the integration process.
The impact of emotional balance on developing aesthetic response among university students
The current study aimed to determine the level of emotional balance and how to develop it for the aesthetic response at the request of universities. It also aimed to reveal differences in both emotional balance and aesthetic response. The emotional equilibrium scale was applied prepared by: (Bakhit and Ibrahim, 2016), and the aesthetic response scale, and the results resulted in a high level of emotional balance in the sample members, and the presence of an above-average level and tends to also rise in the level of aesthetic response. The results also reached a positive positive relationship between emotional balance and aesthetic response and revealed the absence of differences in emotional balance and aesthetic response, and in light of the results, the study recommended a number of recommendations. We can deduce emotional balance through three behavioural elements as mentioned by Abdullah (2016), namely: the existence of a state of symmetry between the attitude and the type of emotion resulting from it, and that the intensity of emotion is proportional to the intensity of the situation without excess or neglect, and the ability to control and control emotions according to the values and culture of society. Emotional balance as defined by Al-Omari (2019): "is the extent to which an individual is able to understand and control his feelings, so that they are suitable for the situations and stimuli that they call for, with the stability of emotional responses in similar situations." The first chapter included the problem of the research, what is the effect of emotional balance and its role in developing aesthetic response among university students, and the goal of the research is to reveal the effect of emotional balance in developing aesthetic response among university students? It included the definition of terms. The second chapter included two researches, the first on emotional balance and the second on aesthetic response. The third chapter included the research community of (200) students from the first stage. The sample size was 22 students. The two measures of emotional balance and aesthetic response and the research were built with a number of recommendations and proposals.
The Effectiveness of a Group-Play–Based Program in Developing Linguistic Communication Skills among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a group-play–based program in developing linguistic communication skills among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The study was conducted on a sample of 32 children with ASD, aged between 4 and 6 years, with a mean age of 5.6 years and a standard deviation of 0.87. The participants were equally assigned to an experimental group and a control group. A quasi-experimental design was employed to implement the study procedures. The study instruments included the Linguistic Communication Scale (developed by the researcher) and the group-play–based program (designed by the researcher). The findings revealed the effectiveness of the program, as statistically significant differences were found between the pre-test and post-test mean ranks of the experimental group on the Linguistic Communication Scale in favor of the post-test. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups on the post-test in favor of the experimental group. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the post-test and follow-up test scores of the experimental group. The study recommended the adoption of group play as an effective strategy to enhance linguistic communication skills among children with ASD.
The effectiveness of peer teaching in developing oral reading skills among ninth-grade students in the Sultanate of Oman
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the peer teaching strategy in developing oral reading skills among ninth-grade students in basic education. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design and was conducted on a sample of (36) students selected purposively from two schools in South Al-Sharqiyah Governorate, Oman. The participants were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The research instruments included an observation checklist consisting of (11) skills to measure reading accuracy and fluency, as well as an oral reading test to assess reading comprehension. The instruments were administered before and after the intervention, which lasted four weeks. Statistical analysis using means, standard deviations, and t-tests revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the pre-test. However, statistically significant differences were found in the post-test in favor of the experimental group. The findings indicate that the peer teaching strategy is effective in improving students’ oral reading skills, particularly reading accuracy and comprehension. The study recommends integrating peer teaching strategies into Arabic language instruction and emphasizing oral reading skills across different educational stages.
Changes in agricultural land use for watermelons and melons in the Middle Euphrates region between 1986 and 2022
Geographical phenomena in general, and agricultural phenomena in particular, are subject to constant change, influenced by factors of place and time. The Middle Euphrates region is one of the most important agricultural regions in Iraq due to the availability of natural and human resources for agriculture. These resources are also variable and unstable, which has been reflected in changes in agricultural land use, particularly the use of agricultural land for watermelons and melons. Due to the economic importance of these two crops، this study was conducted to reveal the extent of change in the area planted, production, and productivity of these crops for the period 1986-2022. This helps to understand the direction, magnitude, and spatial and temporal variation of change in the region. It was found that there was an absolute negative change in the area planted with watermelons، amounting to (20,883 dunums), and an absolute positive change in the area planted with melon crops of (1,772 dunums). As for the change in production, there was an absolute negative change for watermelons production (27,721 tons), while there was an absolute positive change for melon production (19,090 tons). As for the change in productivity per dunam of watermelons and melon crops, there was a positive change amounting to (10,037 and 7,487 kg/dunam، respectively). The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which were the use of modern irrigation techniques for both crops and the adoption of appropriate agricultural policies to support farmers and crop production، enabling the expansion and continuation of their cultivation.
Manifestations and causes of bullying among basic education students in Jordan
This study aimed to discover the manifestations of the phenomenon of bullying in schools and to investigate its causes. For this purpose, a tool for the manifestations and causes of bullying in schools was constructed, and its validity and reliability were examined. The study tool was applied to a sample of (340) male and female students from the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth grades of Marka District students for the academic year 2023/2024. They were selected using the purposeful random sampling method. Data were collected, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data processing, with percentages and frequencies extracted. The results of the study showed the following: 1. The verbal manifestation is the most common and practiced manifestation in schools, followed by the physical manifestation, then the non-verbal social manifestation, and finally the sexual manifestation. 2. The causes attributed to the victim are the highest percentage among the causes in schools, followed by the causes attributed to society, then the causes attributed to the bully.
Training Needs of Arabic Language Teachers in Light of Sustainable Professional Development
The current study aimed to identify the training needs of Arabic language teachers in light of sustainable professional development; to achieve the study's objective, a mixed approach with a sequential explanatory design was used, relying on two tools: a questionnaire and an interview. The study sample consisted of a simple random sample of (95) Arabic language teachers. The interview was applied purposively to a sample of (6) teachers from the study sample. The results showed that the cognitive and skills training needs were very high, with the needs related to modern technologies, knowledge production, and critical thinking topping the list. In addition, there was a need to know the most important educational problems facing the teacher in the field. The results also revealed the existence of obstacles to a high degree, the most prominent of which are: the large number of administrative burdens, the lack of time, and the gap between training and reality. The analysis of the interviews showed a strong positive trend and awareness of the importance of professional sustainability to keep pace with the digital generation. However, this trend clashes with the reality of implementation, as it lacks institutional support and material and moral incentives. In addition, there is a gap in the timing and content of some training programs. The study recommended the necessity of designing training programs that stem from the actual needs of teachers, in addition to allocating official hours within the school timetable that allow for the professional development of the teacher.
Legitimizing and De-legitimizing Wars in the News: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the International Coverage of the Ukraine and Gaza War Declarations
This article examines how international media construct the legitimacy of war, focusing on coverage of two conflict declarations: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and Israel’s military offensive in Gaza. Using a Critical Discourse Analysis framework, the study analyzes reports from The Guardian (UK) and The New York Post (US) to explore how discursive strategies shape public understandings of aggression, victimhood, and moral accountability. Despite a substantial body of research on media coverage of conflicts, comparative studies analyzing discursive strategies across distinct geopolitical contexts remain underrepresented. As such, this study seeks to answer the central research question: how do international media construct and differentiate the legitimacy of war in the context of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and Israel’s military offensive in Gaza, and what ideological functions are revealed through this comparative analysis? Previous studies have typically focused on single-case analyses, often overlooking how narratives vary across different geopolitical landscapes. This study addresses this gap, revealing clear asymmetries in media coverage: Ukraine is framed through explicit condemnation of Russian aggression, emotive depictions of civilian suffering, and authoritative quotations of Ukrainian and Western leaders. In contrast, Gaza coverage situates Israeli military action within security and counterterrorism narratives, downplays structural context, and marginalizes Palestinian perspectives through selective quotation. This comparative analysis offers unique insights into how the divergent framing of these events reveals broader ideological functions in news discourse, challenging single-case studies by showing how media representations normalize particular narratives of violence across different geopolitical contexts.