International Journal of Law Research and Studies
type: channel
description: The International Journal of Law Research and Studies (IJLRS) is an international refereed scientific journal specialized in law, the constitution, human rights, and analysis of cases and judgments. It is published by the publishing house “Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing” located in London, United Kingdom, which is managed by academics. Long scientific experience. The journal is interested in publishing scientific research that has originality, modernity, and scientific methodology, which constitute a useful scientific addition, whether in Arabic or English. The research published in the journal is subject to an arbitration process by a group of specialized academic professors from many countries of the world. The journal is also responsible for indexing and archiving Arab scientific and knowledge production in major international scientific databases. ISSN 3050-0044 (Online)
publisher: Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Law Research and Studies
issn: 3050-0044
items: Digital Chaos and the Exploitation of Low-Quality Content in the Digital Environment
items: International Efforts to Protect Cultural Property under International Humanitarian Law
items: Burden of Proof under the Saudi Companies Law
items: The Legal Status of Platform Workers in Light of the Saudi Labor Law: An Analytical Study
items: https://vsrp.co.uk/index.php/ijlrs/en/article/view/1635
items: Civil liability provisions for torts of board members in a joint-stock company
items: Managing commonly owned property according to the civil transactions system: A comparative study
items: Statutory Protection of Seasonal Workers under Saudi Labor Law
items: Controls of Employee Performance Appraisal under the Saudi Labor Law: An Analytical Study
items: Protection of Workers During Disasters: A Study in Light of the Saudi Labor Law
items: Regulation of Remote Workers’ Rights under the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical Study
items: Statutory Protection of Maritime Worker against Economic and Occupational Risks: An Analytical Study
items: Protection of minority shareholders in the joint stock companies according to Saudi companies' law
items: The Legal Regulation of Preventing Discrimination and Harassment in the Workplace: An Analytical Study
items: The philosophical foundations of the judicial reasoning method in the mental structure of the administrative judge
items: Mechanisms for International Criminal Cooperation in Combating Money Laundering
items: The Legal Liability of the Maritime Carrier and the Economic Consequences of Goods Remaining at the Aden Port Container Terminal
items: The Relationship Between Protected Areas and the International Union for Conservation of Nature: Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms
items: Digital diplomacy and its role in reshaping contemporary international relations
items: Legal Protection Against Algorithmic Bias in Artificial Intelligence Systems Used in Recruitment and Employment: An Analytical Study
items: The International Legal Framework of Forced Displacement
items: Legal Issues Facing the Termination of Employment Contracts in the Digital Work Environment: A Descriptive and Analytical Study
items: Legal Protection of Employees’ Personal Data under the Saudi Legal Framework
items: The Legal Regulation of the Flexible Employment Contract in the Saudi Law: An Analytical Study
items: Digital Governance and its Impact on the Public Sector
items: Arbitrary Disciplinary Sanctions and the Legal Framework for Their Redress in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Study
items: Impact of Statutes of Limitations in Arbitration Cases
items: https://vsrp.co.uk/index.php/ijlrs/en/article/view/995
items: Provisions for Payment and Dishonor of Securities in the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical and Critical Study in Light of the Balance Between Formalism and the Protection of the Lawful Holder's Rights
items: The Role of Artificial Intelligence and its Applications in Commercial Companies

Digital Chaos and the Exploitation of Low-Quality Content in the Digital Environment
type: item
description: This study examines the phenomenon of digital chaos and the exploitation of low-quality content in the digital environment in light of the widespread use of social media platforms and their growing influence on patterns of communication and media production. The research aims to analyze the legal basis for criminalizing the exploitation of such content and to evaluate the ability of criminal law to address this phenomenon while maintaining a balance between protecting public order and safeguarding freedom of expression. The study also seeks to identify the social and economic factors that contribute to the spread of low-quality content across digital platforms and to clarify the legal challenges associated with establishing a clear legal standard for this concept in contemporary legislation, particularly as many legal systems rely on broad notions such as public order and public morality. The study adopts the analytical method to examine legal texts and jurisprudential writings related to the regulation of digital content, in addition to the descriptive-analytical method to interpret the social phenomenon associated with the spread of low-quality content in the digital environment. The research is based on a range of legal sources, scholarly writings, and previous studies addressing the regulation of digital content and legal responsibility arising from the use of social media platforms. The study concludes that the exploitation of low-quality content is closely linked to several social and economic factors, most notably the attention economy, the pursuit of digital fame, and audience interaction within digital platforms. The findings also indicate that most legal systems do not adopt a precise legal definition of low-quality content but rather address it within broader legal concepts, which leaves considerable room for judicial discretion. The scientific value of this study lies in providing a legal analysis that integrates the conceptual, social, and criminal dime…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Chaos
  topic: keywords
subject: Low-Quality Content
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybercrime
  topic: keywords
subject: Freedom of Expression
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Order
  topic: keywords
creator: Hajar Sulaiman Al-Hammad
creator: Mohammed Dhaar Al-Mutairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-07-19
publication date: 2026-07-19
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n7p3

International Efforts to Protect Cultural Property under International Humanitarian Law
type: item
description: This research explores "The Protection of Cultural Property under International Humanitarian Law". Its significance lies in addressing the systematic destruction of human heritage and bridging the gap between legal texts and field realities. The study aims to consolidate international protection rules, evaluate the role of specialized organizations, and clarify the mechanisms of criminal accountability for violations. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the researcher divided the study into four sections covering the concepts of International Humanitarian Law, cultural property, protection mechanisms, and the liability arising from attacks. The research concluded that heritage protection has become a peremptory international norm, despite political obstacles hindering judicial prosecution. The study recommended aligning national legislation with international conventions and activating universal jurisdiction to ensure no impunity and to preserve human memory.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Humanitarian Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Property
  topic: keywords
subject: Hague Convention 1954
  topic: keywords
subject: International Criminal Responsibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Amani Mohammed Ahmed Issa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-07-11
publication date: 2026-07-11
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n7p2

Burden of Proof under the Saudi Companies Law
type: item
description: This study examines the burden of proof under the Saudi Companies Law and how the legislator allocates it in certain corporate disputes. The introductory section defines the burden of proof and highlights the particular nature of corporate disputes. The study addresses three main instances. First, concerning the civil liability of auditors under Article (20/7), where multiple auditors are jointly liable, the burden shifts to the auditor to prove non-participation in the fault giving rise to liability. Second, under Article (31), in claims alleging that a director or board member failed to perform their duties or act in good faith regarding decisions taken or voted upon, the burden of proof rests on the claimant alleging the breach. Third, under Articles (28) and (71), the burden lies on directors or dissenting members to prove their objection to unlawful resolutions, as well as on absent members to establish lack of knowledge of the decision or inability to object upon becoming aware of it. The study concludes that the Saudi regulator adopts a flexible approach, distributing the burden of proof according to the parties’ positions and the nature of each dispute.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Commercial Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: Proof
  topic: keywords
subject: Auditor
  topic: keywords
subject: Manager
  topic: keywords
subject: Board Member
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Humaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n7p1

The Legal Status of Platform Workers in Light of the Saudi Labor Law: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study addresses the legal status of workers on digital platforms in light of the Saudi Labor Law, amid the emergence of a novel form of work driven by the digital transformation and based on technological intermediation between service providers and beneficiaries, and the difficulty this raises in characterizing the relationship between the worker and the platform and the extent of its subjection to the provisions of the Labor Law. The study adopts the analytical approach in examining the relevant statutory texts; it clarifies the nature, characteristics, and types of digital platforms, then analyzes the statutory elements of the work relationship (natural personhood, work, wage, and subordination) and the extent of their applicability to platform workers, focusing on subordination as the decisive criterion and the novel form it has assumed in the digital environment, known as "electronic subordination." The study concludes that Article Two of the Labor Law—through its flexible wording "even if away from the employer's supervision"—encompasses this form, and that the characterization of the worker–platform relationship in location-based platforms is that of a subordinate employment relationship governed by the Law. It then sets out the effects of this characterization in terms of the rights and obligations of the three parties to the relationship: the worker, the platform as the employer, and the beneficiary. The study recommends addressing the legislative gap by amending the Labor Law and issuing dedicated regulations that clarify the legal status of these workers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Subordination
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Relationship Characterization
  topic: keywords
creator: Hadeel Ali Alamri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n6p7

https://vsrp.co.uk/index.php/ijlrs/en/article/view/1635
type: item
title: The Limits of the Client’s Will in Establishing a Legal Power of Attorney Without the Lawyer’s Acceptance: An Analytical Study of Omani Legislation and Practice in Comparison with Select Legislative Systems
description: The judicial system in the Sultanate of Oman has undergone rapid technical transformations in recent years, most notably the adoption of the "Tawtheeq" electronic system, which allows the client to issue a legal power of attorney (POA) without the lawyer's prior knowledge or explicit acceptance at the moment of creation. This study aims to clarify the legal regulation of the lawyer's POA in Omani legislation and its adequacy in governing the relationship between the two parties, as well as resolving the legal issues arising from POAs issued by unilateral will. The study addresses the legal nature of the POA in the Civil Transactions Law and the professional specificity of the legal profession, highlighting emerging legal and ethical challenges—particularly the issue of "conflict of interest" and the impact of absent consent on the validity of judicial procedures. The study adopts descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodologies by reviewing the experiences of Kuwait, Bahrain, and Malaysia. The study concluded that the client's unilateral issuance of a POA represents a fundamental flaw in the principle of contractual consent. It recommended the necessity of developing electronic systems to include immediate notifications to lawyers and requiring the client to formally notify the lawyer of the POA to ensure the meeting of wills and protect the independence of the legal profession.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Power of Attorney
  topic: keywords
subject: Tawtheeq System
  topic: keywords
subject: Contractual Consent
  topic: keywords
subject: Conflict of Interest
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Profession
  topic: keywords
subject: Oman
  topic: keywords
subject: Kuwait
  topic: keywords
subject: Bahrain
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaysia
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulaziz Mohammed Ramas Al-Rawas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n6p6

Civil liability provisions for torts of board members in a joint-stock company
type: item
description: The joint-stock company is the ideal model for capital companies and has an integrated organization of a collective nature. It occupies a distinguished position in the economic fabric and contributes to revitalizing economic activity and development. Commercial companies represent the basic sector of any country's economy, as they are one of the components of economic activity. Joint-stock companies have witnessed remarkable development as a result of the growth in the volume of trade exchange. yueabirun ean aradatihim, wayuafiq ealayhim almusahimun wayunazimuha alqanun. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and control the bodies entrusted with managing the company. The responsibility of the shareholders is limited, and they are responsible for the company’s debts up to the nominal value of the shares. In addition, the members of the board Based on the foregoing, there are two theories that define the legal status of board members: contract and law. The first considers board members to be bound to the company by an agency contract. The legal theory, however, considers board members to be bound by a legal relationship as a body or member of the company, not as its agent. Therefore, the liability of board members is divided between civil (contractual) liability in the event of breach of a contractual obligation (the company's articles of association), and tortious liability in the event of breach of a legal obligation (the company law) that governs it. This liability arises if a causal link exists between the board members' error and the harm suffered by the company, society, shareholders, and third parties.of directors express their will, and the shareholders approve them, and it is regulated by law. Furthermore, the Iraqi Companies Law No. 21 of 1997 (as amended) imposes strict civil liability on members of the boards of directors of joint-stock companies, holding them jointly liable to the company, shareholders, and third parties for management errors that violate…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Joint-Stock Company
  topic: keywords
subject: Board Members
  topic: keywords
subject: Capital Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: General Assembly
  topic: keywords
subject: Contractual Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Tort Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Joint Liability
  topic: keywords
creator: Abbas Ziad Kamel Al-Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n6p5

Managing commonly owned property according to the civil transactions system: A comparative study
type: item
description: The study aims to identify the statutory and legal foundations governing the management of commonly owned property, determine the scope of co-owners’ powers and rights, and examine the role of the judiciary in resolving disputes arising from such management. The study employs a descriptive, inductive, and analytical approach. The descriptive approach is employed to describe private ownership and common ownership, while the inductive approach is used to collect and examine the various aspects related to the research topic and review the relevant literature and discussions. The analytical approach is applied through gathering legal facts and information, comparing them, and extracting the most significant rules and legal principles associated with the subject in order to assess their consistency with, or deviation from, general legal principles. This methodology serves the objectives of the study by identifying areas of convergence and divergence through the examination, analysis, and comparison of the legal provisions governing common ownership in both jurisdictions, while linking them to relevant Islamic jurisprudential opinions and established legal principles, with reference to practical applications whenever possible. The study addresses the concept of common ownership from linguistic, juristic, and legal perspectives, related terminology, the historical development of property rights, the sources of common ownership, the concept and characteristics of commonly owned property, the right of disposition therein, restrictions on its management, and the Shariah ruling concerning real rights in commonly owned property. It also examines the different forms of management of common property, namely ordinary management, extraordinary management, and preservation management. The first chapter discusses the provisions governing the management of commonly owned property under Saudi and UAE law, including the voting thresholds required for decisions relating to ordinary manag…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Common Property
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Civil Transactions Law
  topic: keywords
subject: UAE Civil Transactions Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Ordinary Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Preservation Management
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdullah Mohammed Al-Ammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n6p4

Statutory Protection of Seasonal Workers under Saudi Labor Law
type: item
description: This study examines and evaluates the regulatory protection system established for workers under seasonal employment contracts within the Saudi Labor Law, utilizing the Hajj sector as a practical model. The research problem stems from the premise that seasonal workers occupy a weaker contractual position due to legal subordination and the brief duration of the season, creating a practical vulnerability that employers may exploit to impose exceptional or arbitrary clauses that disrupt contractual balance. Employing a legal analytical methodology, the study reviews the statutory provisions and ministerial resolutions governing seasonal activities. The study yields a fundamental finding: the parties' autonomy in seasonal contracts is strictly bound by mandatory protective rules that completely invalidate any detraction from workers' rights. Furthermore, this protection is reinforced through rigorous statutory oversight, judicial authority to strike down unfair clauses, and procedural safeguards that secure the worker's rights until the termination of the contractual relationship. Consequently, the study recommends enhancing this protection by automating seasonal contracts via digital platforms, embedding standardized mandatory terms that proactively prevent any violation of the worker's minimum legal guarantees.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Seasonal Employment Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Exceptional Clauses
  topic: keywords
subject: Contractual Balance
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Sara Essam Atyah
creator: Amal Mohamed Shalaby Khadragey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n6p3

Controls of Employee Performance Appraisal under the Saudi Labor Law: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: This analytical study aimed to contextualize the legal concept of employee performance appraisal under the Saudi Labor Law, examining the formal and substantive constraints governing the employer’s exercise of this authority. The research problem highlights the practical gap resulting from the absence of precise statutory standards, which allows performance reports to be leveraged arbitrarily to deprive workers of accrued rights or unlawfully terminate employment. The study primarily adopted an analytical methodology, supplemented by a descriptive approach where necessary, to examine relevant statutory texts and unified model bylaws. The study yielded several key findings: performance appraisal constitutes a practical exercise of legal subordination; and labor law strictly prohibits utilizing negative appraisals to unilaterally modify basic wages or fixed allowances. Furthermore, the study revealed the inefficiency of internal grievance mechanisms and amicable settlement procedures due to their lack of binding enforcement power, shifting a heavy burden onto the employee to prove the employer's hidden malicious intent before labor courts. The study recommended strengthening the supervisory oversight of the Ministry of Human Resources when approving internal bylaws, and issuing a unified guiding regulation defining mandatory procedural pathways and timeframes for improving low-performing employees' skills prior to contract termination.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Discretionary Authority
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance Appraisal
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Abuse of Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Asmaa Jamil Abdulhamid Ali
creator: Amal Shalabi Khadragey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n6p2

Protection of Workers During Disasters: A Study in Light of the Saudi Labor Law
type: item
description: This study examines the protection of workers during disasters in light of the Saudi legal system, particularly in view of the increasing forms of disasters worldwide and the diversity of their effects. The research problem lies in assessing the adequacy of the protection afforded by the Saudi legal system to workers in disaster situations, in terms of the preventive measures required before a disaster occurs, the procedures necessary during its occurrence, and the safeguards granted to workers after it has occurred, particularly with regard to the continuity of their rights and compensation for any harm they may sustain. The study adopts the analytical method to examine the relevant provisions of the Saudi Labor Law and its regulations, particularly the Occupational Safety and Health Management Regulation, in addition to the Social Insurance Law and the laws and regulations related to safety requirements. It also draws on the descriptive method in presenting the concept of disasters, their forms, and their effects on workers and the employment relationship. The study reached several findings, most notably that the protection of workers during disasters is not governed by a standalone legal framework, but is derived from various provisions scattered across the Labor Law and its regulations, the Social Insurance Law, and the laws and regulations related to safety requirements. The study also concluded that this protection is based on interconnected stages, beginning with risk prevention before the occurrence of a disaster, followed by the protection of workers’ safety and rights during the disaster, and ending with subsequent protection through the prescribed compensation where the injury arising from the disaster is connected to the employment relationship and falls within the scope of work injuries. The study further concluded with several recommendations, most notably that the Saudi regulator should issue a regulation or regulatory provisions on occupational safet…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Disasters
  topic: keywords
subject: Worker Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational Safety and Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Work Injuries
  topic: keywords
subject: Force Majeure
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Aryam Munahi Thunayyan Albaqami
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n6p1

Regulation of Remote Workers’ Rights under the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study aimed to examine the legal regulation of the rights and obligations of employees in remote work contracts by identifying the concept, characteristics, and conditions of remote work contracts, as well as the legal implications related to employees’ rights and obligations. The study adopted the analytical approach through analyzing labor laws, regulations, and procedural and guidance manuals related to remote work. The study concluded that Ministerial Decision No. (120453) defines remote work as the performance of job duties outside the traditional workplace through the use of communication and information technology while maintaining the employment relationship. The study recommended that the Saudi regulator establish a more detailed and independent legal framework for remote work contracts that addresses the specific nature of this type of work.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Remote Work
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Obligations
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghaida Rashid Al-Juhani
creator: Amal Shalabi Khadragey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p21

Statutory Protection of Maritime Worker against Economic and Occupational Risks: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study examines the statutory protection afforded to maritime workers against economic and occupational risks under the Saudi legal system, in light of the Saudi Labor Law, the Commercial Maritime Law, and the Regulation of Maritime Employment Contracts. Its importance stems from the nature of maritime work, which differs from ordinary work in the workplace, navigation conditions, subordination to the operator and master, and the exceptional risks that may arise during a voyage and affect the employment relationship. The study aims to clarify the concept and characteristics of the maritime employment contract, identify the main risks faced by maritime workers, examine their legal effects, and assess the adequacy of the statutory protections established for them. The study adopts an analytical approach by examining the legal provisions governing maritime employment contracts and evaluating their suitability to the nature of maritime work. It concludes that the maritime employment contract has a special nature that justifies regulating it through provisions distinct from ordinary employment contracts. It also finds that maritime workers may face economic risks, such as voyage cancellation and suspension of navigation, as well as occupational risks related to the maritime environment, which may result in injuries, occupational diseases, or psychological and physical effects. The study further concludes that Saudi law provides safeguards, including wage protection, repatriation expenses, accommodation, medical care, training, compensation, and insurance for occupational injuries. Nevertheless, statutory protection still requires further detail where navigation is suspended for a long period, the voyage cannot be completed, or the seafarer cannot be repatriated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Employment Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Worker
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Risks
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational Risks
  topic: keywords
subject: Statutory Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Legal System
  topic: keywords
creator: Manair Abubakr Bawadud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p20

Protection of minority shareholders in the joint stock companies according to Saudi companies' law
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the means of protecting minority shareholders in joint-stock companies under the Saudi legal system by clarifying the concept of minority shareholders, identifying forms of majority abuse, and analyzing the legal, judicial, and regulatory mechanisms established to protect this category. The study problem centered on identifying the means of protecting minority shareholders from majority abuse under the Saudi legal system. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach through examining and analyzing the relevant legal provisions related to the subject matter and clarifying the scope of their application. The study reached several findings, most notably that the Saudi legislator has not provided an explicit definition of minority shareholders, rather, the concept is inferred from legal provisions. The study also found that the protection of minority shareholders in the Saudi legal system is based on an integrated framework combining legal, judicial, and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, investment awareness was identified as an important preventive dimension in protecting shareholders and enhancing their awareness of their rights and obligations. Based on the findings, the study presented several recommendations, the most significant of which are the necessity of establishing a legal definition for minority shareholders that precisely determines their legal scope, reconsider the first paragraph of Article (99) of the Companies Law to expand the scope of nullity claims to include cases of majority abuse, and establish clearer regulations regarding shareholders' right to access information, including enabling shareholders to resort to the judiciary when they are unjustifiably denied this right without legal grounds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Minority Shareholders
  topic: keywords
subject: Joint-Stock Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: Majority Abuse
  topic: keywords
subject: Companies Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Afnan Mohammad Al-Farihi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p19

The Legal Regulation of Preventing Discrimination and Harassment in the Workplace: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: This research examines the legal regulation of preventing discrimination and harassment in the workplace within the Saudi legal system. It discusses the concept of discrimination, the scope of its prohibition, and its various forms, particularly discrimination based on gender and disability. The study also highlights the extent of the Saudi legislator’s commitment to promoting the principles of equality and equal opportunities throughout all stages of the employment relationship, beginning with job advertisements and recruitment, continuing during employment, and extending to the termination of the employment relationship. The research further addresses the concept of workplace harassment and its different forms, whether verbal, non-verbal, or physical, while clarifying the legal and regulatory measures established by the Saudi legal system to combat harassment and behavioral misconduct in the workplace. The study concludes that the Saudi legislator has adopted an integrated preventive and punitive approach aimed at protecting the dignity of employees and promoting a safe work environment based on justice, respect, and equality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: Workplace
  topic: keywords
subject: Harassment
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Equality
  topic: keywords
subject: Equal Opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: Disability
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavioral Misconduct
  topic: keywords
creator: Raghad Fahd Al-Mutrafi
creator: Amal Shalabi Khadragey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p18

The philosophical foundations of the judicial reasoning method in the mental structure of the administrative judge
type: item
description: This research addresses the philosophical framework of judicial reasoning within the cognitive structure of the administrative judge, conceptualizing it as a complex intellectual process that extends beyond the literal application of legal rules toward the construction of a judicial discourse grounded in interpretation, justification, and the reconfiguration of facts in light of the principle of legality. The study is based on a central problem concerning the philosophical foundations governing the formation of administrative judicial reasoning, and the extent to which formal logic intersects with purposive and functional interpretative reasoning in shaping judicial conviction. The research adopts an analytical–philosophical methodology aimed at deconstructing the cognitive structure of the judge’s reasoning process by linking classical Aristotelian deductive logic with modern developments in legal philosophy that emphasize the role of context, interpretation, and legislative purpose. It further examines the judicial mindset as an evolving cognitive system in which legal norms interact with judicial experience and factual assessment, resulting in a reasoned and coherent judicial decision. The study concludes that judicial reasoning in administrative adjudication is no longer a mechanical application of legal rules, but rather a constructive process that reconfigures the relationship between legal norms and factual reality within a balance between legality and administrative justice. It further highlights legal philosophy as the intellectual foundation that explains the evolution of judicial justification techniques and delineates the boundaries of judicial discretion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administrative Judicial Reasoning
  topic: keywords
subject: Philosophy of Administrative Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Administrative Judicial Mindset
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Hussein Al-Majali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p17

Mechanisms for International Criminal Cooperation in Combating Money Laundering
type: item
description: This research examines the mechanisms of international criminal cooperation in combating the crime of money laundering as one of the most serious forms of transnational organized crime posing a direct threat to the economic and security stability of states. The study focuses on the international nature of money laundering and the international legislative framework established to combat it, particularly through the Vienna and Palermo Conventions, as well as the recommendations issued by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The research also addresses the principal forms of international criminal cooperation in combating money laundering crimes, including judicial delegation, extradition, enforcement of foreign criminal judgments, and controlled delivery operations, while clarifying the position of the Iraqi legislator under the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law No. (39) of 2015. The study concludes that the effectiveness of combating money laundering depends largely on the efficiency of international cooperation and information exchange among states, in addition to the continuous development of domestic legislation in line with modern international standards aimed at confronting the evolving methods employed by organized criminal groups.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Money Laundering
  topic: keywords
subject: International Criminal Cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Delegation
  topic: keywords
subject: Extradition
  topic: keywords
subject: Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Judgments
  topic: keywords
subject: Controlled Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Organized Crime
  topic: keywords
subject: FATF
  topic: keywords
creator: Sura Hatim Majeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p16

The Legal Liability of the Maritime Carrier and the Economic Consequences of Goods Remaining at the Aden Port Container Terminal
type: item
description: Updating the Yemeni maritime legislation in line with the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules has become an urgent necessity to harmonize the national framework with contemporary international standards, and to clearly regulate the point at which risk and liability transfer between the carrier, the consignee, and the port operator. Introducing precise definitions for delay-related provisions and explicit regulations for abandoned cargo (including notification periods, fair modes of disposition, and safeguarding the port’s financial entitlements), alongside transparent fee structures for delay penalties and effective alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, would significantly reduce conflicts related to cargo retention in port yards, facilitate fair and prompt settlement of maritime disputes, minimize storage costs, and enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of Aden Port within regional supply chains. This research seeks to propose a set of practical measures enabling the port to take action regarding abandoned cargo after a defined period, as well as coordination and procedural improvements that reduce clearance time and enhance information flow among stakeholders. Achieving these objectives not only safeguards the rights of the port, cargo owners, and carriers, but also strengthens the efficiency of the logistics system and reinforces Aden Port’s position as a competitive regional hub capable of responding to the requirements of modern maritime trade. The study found that Yemeni maritime law has drawn upon the principles of several international laws and conventions regulating maritime transport activities. However, the legislation still requires modernization to keep pace with the rapid developments in international legal systems, particularly those associated with technological advances and automation, which have created a new operational reality that must be reflected in the language and provisions of the law. The study recommends expanding the scope of…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Carrier
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Implications
  topic: keywords
subject: Aden Container Terminal
  topic: keywords
creator: Ashraf A. Qardash
creator: Ali Abdulrahman Al-Awli
creator: Ahmed E. Hafez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p15

The Relationship Between Protected Areas and the International Union for Conservation of Nature: Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms
type: item
description: This study examines the role of international organizations and implementation mechanisms in biodiversity protection, focusing on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a leading actor in the development of international environmental standards. The study aims to explain how IUCN has contributed to the development of classification systems for threatened species, protected areas, and ecosystems, and to clarify how these standards support the implementation of international conservation obligations. The study also analyzes monitoring and evaluation mechanisms within the international environmental system—particularly Conferences of the Parties and periodic national reports—and assesses their effectiveness in measuring progress toward global biodiversity goals under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method through the examination of official reports and technical guidelines, the study concludes that IUCN plays a central normative role in global environmental governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Union for Conservation of Nature
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental governance
  topic: keywords
subject: protected areas
  topic: keywords
subject: Red List
  topic: keywords
subject: Conferences of the Parties
  topic: keywords
subject: national reports
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Faisal Baqtyyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p14

Digital diplomacy and its role in reshaping contemporary international relations
type: item
description: This study aimed to shed light on the concept of digital diplomacy and demonstrate its pivotal role in reshaping the features of contemporary international relations, in light of the massive technological boom the world witnessed between (2000-2025). The study sought to address a primary problem concerning how digital platforms and technological tools affect traditional foreign policy instruments and the extent of their contribution to enhancing the soft power of states. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach to review and analyze contemporary political literature and previous studies. The study reached several key results, most notably: digital diplomacy has become a strategic tool that transcends simple communication to become a means for crisis management and immediate international image-building. Furthermore, the study revealed that the digital transformation has expanded the circle of international actors to include non-state actors, while giving rise to new security and sovereign challenges related to cybersecurity and disinformation. The study concluded with recommendations emphasizing the necessity of strengthening the digital infrastructure of diplomatic institutions and developing international legal frameworks to regulate diplomatic work in cyberspace, especially with the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies into political decision-making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: International Relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Soft Power
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
creator: Hind Yousef Azem
creator: Sayel Fallah Al-Sarhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p13

Legal Protection Against Algorithmic Bias in Artificial Intelligence Systems Used in Recruitment and Employment: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: Bias in artificial intelligence systems used in recruitment and employment is considered one of the most significant modern legal issues due to its impact on the principle of equality in employment opportunities. These systems rely on analyzing applicants’ data and making decisions that may favor certain groups or exclude others based on biased data or criteria, despite their apparent technical neutrality. Therefore, this research aims to examine the concept of bias in artificial intelligence systems used in recruitment and employment, identify its causes and forms, and clarify the legal protection established to address it. The research adopts the analytical approach through studying and analyzing the relevant legal provisions, particularly the provisions of the Saudi Labor Law related to equality and non-discrimination, as well as the relevant provisions of the Personal Data Protection Law, in order to assess the adequacy of the legal protection established to address algorithmic bias in recruitment and employment procedures. Finally, the research concludes that the rules of Saudi Labor Law constitute an important basis for protecting individuals from bias in artificial intelligence systems used in recruitment and employment. The Personal Data Protection Law also contributes to strengthening such protection. However, the complex technical nature of these systems, and the difficulties associated with proving algorithmic bias, particularly those related to transparency and explainability, require the development of more effective legal mechanisms to enhance oversight over such systems and reduce discrimination.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Algorithmic Bias
  topic: keywords
subject: Recruitment and Employment
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal Data Protection Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Mashael Abed Alharbi
creator: Amal Shalabi Khadragey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p12

The International Legal Framework of Forced Displacement
type: item
description: This research examines the international legal framework of forced displacement as one of the most serious violations affecting human dignity, stability, and the right of individuals to remain in their original homeland. It explores the development of this concept from its linguistic and historical meaning to its legal characterization under the rules of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study addresses the nature of forced displacement in terms of its linguistic and terminological definition, its roots in ancient civilizations, and the position of Islamic law toward it, before tracing its evolution during the codification of international humanitarian law. It also clarifies the treaty-based and judicial foundations for the criminalization of forced displacement and analyzes its various legal forms as a crime against humanity, a war crime, and, in certain cases, an act that may amount to genocide when accompanied by the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group. The research concludes that the international prohibition of forced displacement is no longer merely a moral principle or a general humanitarian norm, but has become a binding legal rule that gives rise to international accountability. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this protection continues to face challenges related to enforcement, evidentiary issues, and selectivity in prosecution. Accordingly, the study emphasizes the importance of strengthening international accountability mechanisms and developing preventive protection measures for civilians in order to limit this crime and safeguard the fundamental rights of civilian populations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Forced displacement
  topic: keywords
subject: forcible deportation
  topic: keywords
subject: forcible transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: international humanitarian law
  topic: keywords
subject: crimes against humanity
  topic: keywords
subject: war crimes
  topic: keywords
subject: genocide
  topic: keywords
creator: Shimaa Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Zain
creator: Sarah Balto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p11

Legal Issues Facing the Termination of Employment Contracts in the Digital Work Environment: A Descriptive and Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study sheds light on the legal challenges confronting the termination of employment contracts within the digital environment, amid the profound digital transformation and the emergence of remote work patterns. The core problem lies in the difficulties encountered when applying the traditional substantive rules outlined in Saudi labor law to virtual work settings, particularly regarding the termination of the contractual relationship between the worker and the employer, and the challenges in proving worker negligence. The study aims to elucidate the concept of digital contract termination and outline the position of Saudi law concerning such contracts. Employing the descriptive and analytical methodologies, the study reviews and analyzes relevant statutory provisions. It is structured into two main sections: the first addresses the nature of digital contract termination and the legal validity of electronic notification methods, while highlighting the effective role of governmental platforms—such as the Qiwa platform—in documenting procedures and mitigating disputes. The second section examines practical challenges in termination, specifically the difficulty in distinguishing intentional negligence from technical malfunctions. The study concludes that applying traditional provisions of Saudi labor law to remote employment contracts generates challenges necessitating regulatory intervention. Despite the successes of digital platforms, it recommends that Saudi legislative authorities address substantive gaps by establishing precise standards across various aspects of the digital employment contract, thereby ensuring equitable balance, workplace stability, and the protection of both parties' rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Employment Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Termination of Contractual Relationship
  topic: keywords
subject: Remote Work
  topic: keywords
subject: Arbitrary Dismissal
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahad Musfir Saeed Al-Qahtani
creator: Amal Shalabi Khadragey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p10

Legal Protection of Employees’ Personal Data under the Saudi Legal Framework
type: item
description: This study aimed to elucidate the legal protection afforded to employees’ personal data under the Saudi legal framework by clarifying the concept of an employee’s personal data and the employee’s rights in relation thereto, and then by examining the standards and controls governing the collection and processing of such data, the most salient forms of infringement thereof, and the legal consequences arising from such infringement. The study adopted the analytical method through an examination of the relevant provisions of the Saudi Labor Law and the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL). The study concluded that the regulator has succeeded in striking a balance between the employer’s right to manage its establishment and to access the data of its employees, on the one hand, and the employee’s right to privacy, on the other, by imposing controls and obligations that safeguard the employee’s personal data. It further concluded that infringement of an employee’s data gives rise to criminal liability and administrative liability, in addition to the employee’s right to claim compensation for the material and moral damages sustained as a result thereof. The study recommended the imposition of mandatory training courses for employees whose functions, by their nature, permit them to handle data within the workplace, with a view to ensuring compliance with the controls prescribed by the Personal Data Protection Law.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Saudi Labor Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL)
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Personal Data
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Subject
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Salma Abubakr Al-Mehdhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992//IJLRS.2026.v5n5p9

The Legal Regulation of the Flexible Employment Contract in the Saudi Law: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study examined the regulatory framework of the flexible employment contract through two main sections. The first section addressed the nature of this contract by identifying its concept and characteristics and distinguishing it from other similar contracts. The second section discussed the legal effects arising from the flexible employment contract and its termination. The study aimed to determine the adequacy of the current legal framework in regulating the flexible employment contract and organizing contractual relationships established under it. The analytical method was adopted to answer the study questions and achieve its objectives. The study concluded with several findings, most notably that the regulator has given considerable attention to this type of contract through issuing the Procedural Guide for Regulating Flexible Work and stipulating the provisions governing it in Article 27 of the Implementing Regulations of Labor Law. The study also reached several recommendations, the most significant of which is recommending that the regulator amend the definition of the flexible employment contract in order to clarify the meaning of the term “non-subordinate worker” by adopting a more precise definition that clarifies the element of subordination and the extent to which it exists within the flexible employment contract, considering that subordination is one of the most important elements distinguishing an employment contract from other types of contracts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Flexible Employment Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Modern Employment Contracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexibility in Employment Contracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment Contracts in Saudi Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Reham Ateeq Alzahrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p8

Digital Governance and its Impact on the Public Sector
type: item
description: This study aimed to reveal the role of e-governance and its impact on the public sector. The results showed that the shift towards digital systems is not merely a technological choice, but a strategic direction aimed at raising the efficiency of government institutions and enhancing their ability to respond to the needs of society. Digital governance has also contributed to restructuring traditional work methods by adopting standards of transparency and accountability, improving the flow of information, and enhancing citizen participation, which directly impacts the quality of public services and the effectiveness of decision-making. The researcher recommended activating regulatory legal legislation to implement e-governance and digital transformation, and establishing a Digital Transformation Council comprised of senior management members and technology experts. The council's role would be to develop the overall strategy for digital transformation and guide related efforts and projects. Furthermore, the study recommended developing the digital infrastructure, as digital transformation requires a robust technological infrastructure to support the public sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Sector
  topic: keywords
subject: Improving Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Transparency
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Awda Sulaiman Al-Radadi
creator: Ahmed Balto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p7

Arbitrary Disciplinary Sanctions and the Legal Framework for Their Redress in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: The disciplinary authority granted to the employer constitutes one of the mechanisms established in the Saudi Labor Law to maintain order within the establishment. However, this authority is not absolute; it is exercised within the framework of statutory controls and limitations designed to protect workers and safeguard their rights. From this perspective, the present study addresses arbitrary disciplinary penalties and the criteria for addressing them under the legal system of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It elucidates the concept of disciplinary penalties and their statutory basis, delineates the boundaries of the employer’s authority to impose such penalties, and examines the notion of abuse in the exercise of disciplinary authority, along with the criteria by which arbitrariness in disciplinary penalties may be established. The study further explores the safeguards prescribed by the Saudi regulator to shield workers from arbitrariness in the imposition of disciplinary penalties—whether substantive safeguards, such as the legality of the penalty and its proportionality to the violation, or procedural safeguards, such as conducting an investigation, hearing the worker’s defense, and enabling them to lodge an internal grievance in accordance with the prescribed statutory procedures. The study concludes that the Saudi regulator has confined disciplinary penalties to specific categories stipulated by statute and has enveloped them with a suite of safeguards aimed at achieving justice and equilibrium between the parties to the employment relationship. It further establishes that arbitrariness arises whenever a disciplinary penalty deviates from its legitimate purpose, occasions unjustified harm to the worker, or is imposed in contravention of the prescribed statutory procedures—thereby helping to curb abuses of disciplinary authority within the workplace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Disciplinary Penalty
  topic: keywords
subject: Guarantees
  topic: keywords
subject: Internal Grievance within the Establishment
  topic: keywords
subject: Employer’s Authority
  topic: keywords
creator: Danyah Talal Atteiah
creator: Amal Shalabi Khadragey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p6

Impact of Statutes of Limitations in Arbitration Cases
type: item
description: Arbitration has become a comprehensive legal system for settling disputes between parties, and its importance lies in combining the requirements of justice with the wishes of the disputing parties, especially in light of the complexity of traditional judicial procedures. The statute of limitations for a lawsuit is the expiration of a legally defined and known period of time since the creation of a right without it being claimed judicially, which leads to its dismissal in filing a lawsuit. These rules aim to ensure the stability of legal positions and prevent disputes from remaining pending. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in light of Vision 2030, has enacted legislation to regulate the life of society and the individual, both socially and economically, especially with the issuance of the Civil Transactions Law dated (1444 AH), and what was stated in its Article No. (295), which stipulated that the right does not expire with the passage of time, but the claim against the denier is not heard after the expiry of ten years, as the concept of prescription and its effect on rights moved from the realm of judicial interpretation to the realm of disciplined regulation, to become a tool to ensure the stability of legal positions and prevent the accumulation of historical disputes. During my study, demonstrated the link between the concept of arbitration as an agreement to settle disputes between parties, and the idea of ​​prescription as a legal effect and a necessity for the stability of commercial and financial transactions. To illustrate this, I highlighted the nature of arbitration, its types, the justification for resorting to it, its nature, effect, and validity, in addition to defining prescription, its types, the difference between acquisitive prescription and extinctive prescription, and what is the period of prescription that prevents hearing the parties to the lawsuit in the Saudi Civil Transactions System.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arbitration System
  topic: keywords
subject: Statute of Limitations
  topic: keywords
subject: Substantive and Procedural Rules
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Civil Transactions System
  topic: keywords
creator: Rakan Abdullah Alshaeri
creator: Emad Mohammad Yousuf Jan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p5

https://vsrp.co.uk/index.php/ijlrs/en/article/view/995
type: item
title: Regulation of the sale of buildings and real estate units under construction, protection of purchasers’ rights, and ensuring that real estate developers fulfill their obligations in Palestine: Comparative analytical study
description: The contract for the sale of buildings under construction is considered a relatively modern type of contract that has increasingly spread in the Palestinian real estate market, due to the growing demand for residential apartments and commercial buildings, as well as the tendency of investors and developers to sell units prior to the completion of their construction in order to obtain the necessary financing to complete the project. However, this type of sale raises significant legal issues related to the guarantees afforded to the purchaser, particularly in light of the absence of specific legislation regulating such transactions in Palestine, especially since, according to the general rules of the Majalla of Legal Provisions applicable in Palestine, the sale of a non-existent object is deemed void. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the extent to which this contract can be considered a sale, to identify the guarantees granted to the purchaser under the legislation in force in Palestine, to reveal the shortcomings therein and compare them with certain legislations that have regulated this type of contract, and finally to present a legislative perspective to address this legal gap.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contract for the Sale of Buildings Under Construction
  topic: keywords
subject: off-Plan Sale
  topic: keywords
subject: Purchaser Guarantees
  topic: keywords
creator: Yaser Mahmoud Mohammad Zbeidat
creator: Baraa Mohammad Ali Jamous
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p4

Provisions for Payment and Dishonor of Securities in the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical and Critical Study in Light of the Balance Between Formalism and the Protection of the Lawful Holder's Rights
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing the payment of negotiable instruments under the Saudi Securities Law, and to assess its effectiveness in achieving a balance between protecting the lawful holder and ensuring the stability of commercial transactions. The study adopts an analytical and critical approach by examining the relevant statutory provisions, interpreting their application, and linking them to the economic function of negotiable instruments in the contemporary commercial environment. The research addresses the rules of payment in terms of its conditions, place, subject matter, and legal effects. It also examines the legal regime governing refusal of payment, including methods of proof, the scope of the drawee’s liability, and the legal consequences thereof, particularly the right of recourse available to the holder and other obligors. The findings indicate that the Saudi legislator has established a coherent legal framework that enhances confidence in negotiable instruments and provides effective protection for the holder by setting precise rules governing payment and reinforcing its binding nature. However, the study reveals a legislative tendency to prioritize formal requirements over functional and economic considerations, which may, in certain cases, undermine the efficiency of negotiable instruments as a swift means of payment. This is particularly evident in the continued reliance on traditional mechanisms such as protest procedures, limitations on modern methods of proof, and the relative complexity of recourse mechanisms. The study concludes that achieving the intended balance between protection and transactional stability requires a reconsideration of certain foundational aspects of the current framework. This includes adopting a more flexible approach to formal requirements, modernizing evidentiary methods, refining the scope of the drawee’s liability, and simplifying recourse procedures, in a manner that aligns with technolog…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Negotiable Instruments
  topic: keywords
subject: Payment
  topic: keywords
subject: Dishonor of Securities
  topic: keywords
subject: Protest
  topic: keywords
subject: Lawful Holder
  topic: keywords
subject: Commercial Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Saudi Securities Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Saud Khasawneh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJLRS.2026.v5n5p3

The Role of Artificial Intelligence and its Applications in Commercial Companies
type: item
description: In the mid-1950s, the term "artificial intelligence" was first used at an artificial intelligence conference, and researchers and academics began their journey to address the topic of artificial intelligence, its definitions, characteristics, role, and impact on the management of commercial companies. With the beginning of 2012 the spread of artificial intelligence (AI) began at a relatively rapid pace with the increase, growth and gradual development of databases in some fields, especially scientific ones, and services related to technology, communication, shopping, business management and others. In recent years, the development of artificial intelligence technology has made great leaps, and the most prominent manifestation of this is “deep learning” technology, which is based on the development of artificial neural networks that mimic the way the human brain works, meaning that they are able to experiment, learn and develop themselves automatically without human intervention. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computing are expected to achieve a fundamental technological leap that is indispensable for maximizing benefits in the corporate and business sectors across various fields. Geoffrey Hinton, an artificial intelligence researcher at Google and the University of Toronto, believes that "machines will be as intelligent as humans within five years." This research addresses the role and impact of using "artificial intelligence" in managing commercial companies and marketing their products, by explaining the legal and applied basis for its use, and its application in companies fulfilling their obligations, and its impact on the legal and legislative regulation of commercial companies. The statement of the position of the European Economic Council - in addition to the fact that most national legislations do not allow for compensation for human beings in the management of the company, and for the money and damage that may befall the shareholders.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Commercial Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Company Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Corporate Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Abbas Ziad Kamel Al-Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law Research and Studies
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.59992//IJLRS.2026.v5n5p2