العلاقة بين استراتيجيات التحكم المعرفي ومهارات التفكير الإبداعي (التقاربي والتباعدي) والبيئة التعليمية لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59992/IJSR.2024.v3n12p11الكلمات المفتاحية:
المرونة المعرفية، الأداء الإبداعي، مؤشر التحيز الاستباقي (PBI)، استراتيجيات التحكم المتوازن، التحليل البصري، ديناميكية استراتيجيات التحكم، تحليل اختبار AX-CPTالملخص
هدفت الدراسة إلى استكشاف العلاقة بين استراتيجيات التحكم المعرفي (الاستباقي، التفاعلي، المتوازن الاستباقي، والمتوازن التفاعلي) والتفكير الإبداعي (التقاربي والتباعدي) لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية، في ضوء تأثير البيئة التعليمية. ولتحقيق ذلك، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، واستخدام اختبار الأداء المستمر (AX-CPT) ومقاييس التفكير الإبداعي (التقاربي والتباعدي) على عينة مكونة من 139 طالبة. أظهرت النتائج وجود علاقات دالة بين التفكير التباعدي واستراتيجيات التحكم المعرفي، بالإضافة إلى ارتباط التفكير التقاربي ببعض قياسات التحكم المعرفي. كما برزت أهمية التحكم المتوازن كعامل رئيسي في تعزيز الأداء الإبداعي. وعلى الرغم من غياب بعض الفروق الإحصائية الواضحة بين استراتيجيات التحكم في التفكير التقاربي والتباعدي، كشفت الرسوم البيانية تباينًا في الأداء بين المدارس واستراتيجيات التحكم المختلفة. وقد أظهرت المدرسة "الثالثة عشرة" تفوقًا في التفكير التقاربي، بينما تميزت مدرسة "دار الرواد" في التفكير التباعدي وأبعاده (الطلاقة، المرونة، والأصالة)، مع تباين واضح في الأداء بين الاستراتيجيات المختلفة، مما يعكس تأثير البيئة المدرسية في تعزيز الإبداع. تُعد الإضافة العلمية لهذه الدراسة تصنيف العينة إلى أربع مجموعات باستخدام مؤشر التحيز الاستباقي (PBI)، الذي يُظهر استراتيجيات التحكم على متصل نفسي يمتد من التحكم الاستباقي إلى التفاعلي، مع وجود استراتيجيات متوازنة بينهما. ويُساهم هذا التصنيف في تقديم إطار تكاملي لفهم ديناميكية التحكم المعرفي وعلاقته بالتفكير الإبداعي. بناءً على ذلك، توصي الدراسة بتطوير بيئات تعليمية مرنة تعزز استراتيجيات التحكم المتوازنة، بهدف تحسين التفكير الإبداعي لدى الطالبات.
المراجع
1. Abu-Akel, A., Webb, M. E., de Montpellier, E., Von Bentivegni, S., Luechinger, L., Ishii, A., & Mohr, C. (2020). Autistic and positive schizotypal traits predict better convergent and divergent thinking performance. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 36, 100656.
2. Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of personality and social psychology, 45(2), 357.
3. Aubry, A., & Bourdin, B. (2021). Alerting, orienting, and executive control intellectually gifted children. Brain and behavior, 11(8), e02148.
4. Aubry, A., Gonthier, C., & Bourdin, B. (2021). Explaining the high working memory capacity of gifted children: Contributions of processing skills and executive control. Acta psychologica, 218, 103358.
5. Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., MacDonald, A., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 58(3), 280-288.
6. Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Barry Kaufman, S., & Silvia, P. J. (2015). Default and executive network coupling supports creative idea production. Scientific reports, 5(1), 10964.
7. Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (Eds.). (2016). Nurturing creativity in the classroom. Cambridge University Press.
8. Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity. Intelligence, 46, 73-83.
9. Benedek, M., Jurisch, J., Koschutnig, K., Fink, A., & Beaty, R. E. (2020). Elements of creative thought: Investigating the cognitive and neural correlations of association and bi-association processes. NeuroImage, 210, 116586.
10. Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011). Relations between executive function and academic achievement from ages 5 to 17 in a large, representative national sample. Learning and individual differences, 21(4), 327-336.
11. Blakemore, S. J. (2018). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, S1.
12. Blakemore, S. J., & Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 47(3‐4), 296-312.
13. Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological review, 108(3), 624.
14. Braver, T. S. (2012). Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16 (2), 106-113.
15. Braver, T. S., Gray, J. R., & Burgess, G. C. (2007). Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: Dual mechanisms of cognitive control. Variation in working memory, 75(106).
16. Brophy, D. R. (2000). Comparing the Attributes, Activities, and Performance of Divergent, Convergent, and Combination Thinkers. Creativity Research Journal, 13(3 & 4), 439-455.
17. Burgess, G. C., & Braver, T. S. (2010). Neural mechanisms of interference control in working memory: Effects of interference expectancy and fluid intelligence. PLoS ONE, 5(9), e12861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012861
18. Chevalier, N. (2015). The development of executive function: Toward more optimal coordination of control with age. Child development perspectives, 9 (4), 239-244.
19. Chiew, K. S., & Braver, T. S. (2014). Dissociable influences of reward motivation and positive emotion on cognitive control. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 509-529
20. Chiew, K. S., & Braver, T. S. (2017). Context processing and cognitive control: From gating models to dual mechanisms. The Wiley handbook of cognitive control, 143-166.
21. Cohen, J. (1992). Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychol. Bull., 112, 1155-1159.
22. Colzato, L. S., Szapora, A., Lippelt, D., & Hommel, B. (2017). Prior meditation practice modulates performance and strategy use in convergent-and divergent-thinking problems. Mindfulness, 8, 10-16.
23. Cropley, A. J. (2006). In Praise of Convergent Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 18 (3), 391-404. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1803_13
24. Cropley, A. J., & Maslany, G. W. (1969). Reliability and factorial validity of the Wallach‐Kogan creativity tests. British Journal of psychology, 60(3), 395-398.
25. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. HarperPerennial, New York, 39, 1-16.
26. Cudo, A., Kopiś, N., Francuz, P., Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., & Torój, M. (2019). The impact of Facebook use and Facebook intrusion on cognitive control: Effect in proactive and reactive control. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 15 (1), 63.
27. De Pisapia, N., & Braver, T. S. (2006). A model of dual control mechanisms through anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex interactions. Neurocomputing, 69(10-12), 1322-1326
28. de Vink, I. C., Willemsen, R. H., Lazonder, A. W., & Kroesbergen, E. H. (2022). Creativity in mathematics performance: The role of divergent and convergent thinking. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), 484-501.
29. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
30. Dreisbach, G. (2006). How positive affect modulates cognitive control: The costs and benefits of reduced maintenance capability. Brain and cognition, 60(1), 11-19.
31. Evans, J. S. B. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59(1), 255-278
32. Ferguson, C. J. (2016). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers.
33. Field, A. P. (2013). Multilevel Linear Models: Extract from Andy Field, Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, (2013), Chapter 20, Pp. 814-866. Sage.1992
34. Fischer, R., & Hommel, B. (2012). Deep thinking increases task-set shielding and reduces shifting flexibility in dual-task performance. Cognition, 123(2), 303-307.
35. Fraser, B. J. (2012). Classroom learning environments: Retrospect, context and prospect. Second international handbook of science education, 1191-1239.
36. Geng, J. J. (2014). Attentional mechanisms of distractor suppression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(2), 147-153.
37. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., ... & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nature neuroscience, 2(10), 861-863.
38. Gonthier, C., Zira, M., Colé, P., & Blaye, A. (2019). Evidencing the developmental shift from reactive to proactive control in early childhood and its relationship to working memory. Journal of experimental child psychology, 177, 1-16.
39. Greene, J. A., Costa, L. J., Robertson, J., Pan, Y., & Deekens, V. M. (2010). Exploring relations among college students’ prior knowledge, implicit theories of intelligence, and self-regulated learning in a hypermedia environment. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1027-1043.
40. Grigorenko, E. L. (2019). Creativity: A challenge for contemporary education. Comparative Education, 55(1), 116-132.
41. Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: Macgraw Hill.
42. Hyun, H. (2014). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mcgraw-hill Education-Europe.
43. Jimura, K., & Braver, T. S. (2010). Age-related shifts in brain activity dynamics during task switching. Cerebral Cortex, 20(6), 1420-1431.
44. Jung, R. E., Mead, B. S., Carrasco, J., & Flores, R. A. (2013). The structure of creative cognition in the human brain. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 330.
45. Kelley, K., & Preacher, K. J. (2012). On effect size. Psychological methods, 17(2), 137.
46. Kleibeuker, S. W., De Dreu, C. K., & Crone, E. A. (2013). The development of creative cognition across adolescence: distinct trajectories for insight and divergent thinking. Developmental science, 16(1), 2-12.
47. Koechlin, E., & Summerfield, C. (2007). An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function. Trends in cognitive sciences, 11(6), 229-235.
48. Lee, J., & Park, S. (2006). The role of stimulus salience in CPT-AX performance of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 81(2-3), 191-197.
49. Mäki-Marttunen, V., Hagen, T., & Espeseth, T. (2019). Task context load induces reactive cognitive control: An fMRI study on cortical and brain stem activity. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 19, 945-965.
50. Mednick, Sarnoff. "The associative basis of the creative process." Psychological review 69.3 (1962): 220.
51. Newell, A. (1972). Human problem solving. Upper Saddle River/Prentive Hall.
52. Niebaum, J. C., & Munakata, Y. (2023). Why doesn’t executive function training improve academic achievement? Rethinking individual differences, relevance, and engagement from a contextual framework. Journal of Cognition and Development, 24(2), 241-259.
53. Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 411.
54. OECD. (2023). The assessment of students’ creative and critical thinking skills in higher education. OECD. Retrieved from OECD iLibrary
55. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). OECD skills strategy 2019: Skills to shape a better future. OECD Publishing.
56. Paxton, J. L., Barch, D. M., Racine, C. A., & Braver, T. S. (2008). Cognitive control, goal maintenance, and prefrontal function in healthy aging. Cerebral cortex, 18(5), 1010-1028.
57. Pinho, A. L., de Manzano, Ö., Fransson, P., Eriksson, H., & Ullén, F. (2014). Connecting to create expertise in musical improvisation is associated with increased functional connectivity between premotor and prefrontal areas. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(18), 6156-6163.
58. Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational psychology review, 16, 385-407.
59. Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2011). Rapid communication: Integrating working memory capacity and context-processing views of cognitive control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(6), 1048-1055.
60. Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity as an extracognitive phenomenon. In Beyond Knowledge (pp. 25-32). Routledge.
61. Runco, M. A., & Acar, S. (2012). Divergent thinking as an indicator of creative potential. Creativity research journal, 24(1), 66-75.
62. Rush, B. K., Barch, D. M., & Braver, T. S. (2006). Accounting for cognitive aging: context processing, inhibition or processing speed? Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13(3-4), 588-610.
63. Sawyer, R. K., & Henriksen, D. (2024). Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation. Oxford university press.
64. Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2013). The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron, 79(2), 217-240.
65. Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1991). An investment theory of creativity and its development. Human development, 34 (1), 1-31.
66. Sun, M., Wang, M., & Wegerif, R. (2020). Effects of divergent thinking training on students’ scientific creativity: The impact of individual creative potential and domain knowledge. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37, 100682.
67. Ülger, K. A. N. İ. (2016). The relationship between creative thinking and critical thinking skills of students. Hacettepe Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi-Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 31.
68. Unsworth, N., Redick, T. S., Heitz, R. P., Broadway, J. M., & Engle, R. W. (2009). Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition: A latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage. Memory, 17 (6), 635-654.
69. Viviani, G., Visalli, A., Montefinese, M., Vallesi, A., & Ambrosini, E. (2024). Tango of control: The interplay between proactive and reactive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
70. Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children.
71. Weiss, S., Steger, D., Kaur, Y., Hildebrandt, A., Schroeders, U., & Wilhelm, O. (2021). On the trail of creativity: Dimensionality of divergent thinking and its relationship with cognitive abilities, personality, and insight. European Journal of Personality, 35 (3), 291-314.
72. Wigert, B. G., Murugavel, V. R., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2022). The utility of divergent and convergent thinking in the problem construction processes during creative problem-solving. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts.
73. Yang, Q., Notebaert, W., & Pourtois, G. (2019). Reappraising cognitive control: normal reactive adjustments following conflict processing are abolished by proactive emotion regulation. Psychological Research, 83, 1-12.
74. Zambianchi, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. (2014). The role of proactive coping strategies, time perspective, perceived efficacy on affect regulation, divergent thinking and family communication in promoting social well-being in emerging adulthood. Social indicators research, 116, 493-507.
75. Zelazo, P. D., Carlson, S. M., & Kesek, A. (2008). 34 The Development of Executive Function in Childhood. Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience, 553.
76. Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into practice, 41(2), 64-70.