The International Journal for Scientific Research
type: channel
description: The International Journal for Scientific Research (IJSR) comes as a specialized and refereed journal as an extension of the journals published by the publishing house “Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing” located in London, United Kingdom, which is managed by academics with long scientific expertise. The journal is interested in publishing scientific research that have originality, modernity, and scientific methodology, which constitute a scientific addition in all disciplines and sciences in both Arabic and English. The research published in the journal is subject to an arbitration process by a group of specialized academic professors from many countries of the world. The journal is also responsible for indexing and archiving Arab scientific and knowledge production in major international scientific databases. ISSN 2755-3418 (Online) Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.issn.2755-3418
publisher: Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing
language: en
publication name: The International Journal for Scientific Research
issn: 2755-3418
items: The impact of operational risk management on reducing accidents in Saudi petrochemical companies: A field study
items: The Degree of Practicing Organizational Immunity Dimensions in Government Secondary Schools in Jeddah City: An Applied Study on Female Teachers in Government Secondary Schools in Jeddah City
items: The impact of energy management on reducing operating costs in Yanbu petrochemical plants: A field study
items: The role of risk management in improving organizational performance: A field study on private companies in Dammam
items: Spatial analysis of urban expansion and vegetation cover in Al-Bukairiyah Governorate using Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing techniques
items: Effects of Real Estate Purging in Saudi Law: An Analytical Comparative Study
items: Free Vibration of Isotropic Material Euler-Bernoulli Beam Resting on Pasternak Foundation
items: The Role of Green Finance in Mitigating the Financial and Economic Impacts of Geopolitical Tensions: An Analytical Study of the Repercussions of the US-Iranian Escalation on the Lebanese Economy
items: Trends of Andalosi Poetry between Classical and Modernists Arabs
items: Encrypted Dynamic Control with Stability Tests and Application to Pantograph-Catenary Systems
items: The Decision Evaluation Rule and its Effect on the Liability of Company Managers and Board Members under Saudi Companies Law: An Analytical Foundational Study
items: https://vsrp.co.uk/index.php/ijsr/en/article/view/1762
items: The role of secondary school principals in developing school administration from the perspective of physical education teachers in Mosul
items: A proposed model for business process reengineering (BPR) in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports: An organizational analytical study
items: Training Needs Related to Teaching Methods from the Perspective of a Sample of Kindergarten Teachers According to Selected Variables
items: The Wisdom behind the Divine Islamic Teachings: Confronting the False Images of Islamic Teachings
items: Cyber-attacks Risk Analysis of a Connected Pulse Oximeter Device: A Threat Modeling Using STRIDE and DREAD Models
items: Effect of Digital Leadership on Enhancing Organizational Agility through the Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing: An Applied Study in Iraqi Service Companies
items: The role of digital public relations in building customer loyalty: A field study on women's e-commerce stores in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
items: The Predictive Ability of Psychological Resilience and Self-Efficacy in Professional Adjustment among Educational Counselors in Palestine: A Proposed Counseling Program
items: The right of Asian and African peoples to hold the FIFA presidency - Ending the ongoing violation of their rights since 1904 under the pretext of elections
items: Enhancements in Quality of Project Management in the Domain of Information Systems
items: The impact of the use of information technology on the utilization of knowledge management in the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
items: Intellectual Capital and Its Role in Achieving Institutional Excellence at King Abdulaziz University from the Perspective of Faculty Members
items: The Fourth Force: Rethinking the Continuity of Multi-Generational Family Businesses
items: Conceptual Art: between Idea and Technique
items: Motor Fitness Components and Basic Skills as a Function for Discriminating Between Female Volleyball Players
items: The Impact of Marital Discord on the Relationship between Spouses
items: The functional role of phonemes and morphemes in meaning construction
items: The Effect of the Knowledge of Performance and Knowledge of Result Methods on Learning Offensive Skills in Basketball

The impact of operational risk management on reducing accidents in Saudi petrochemical companies: A field study
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the impact of operational risks, with their dimensions (process and procedure risks, human resource risks, systems and technology risks, and external event risks), on the reduction of industrial accidents in Saudi petrochemical companies. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical method, whereby a questionnaire consisting of twenty-eight items distributed across the study variables was developed and administered to a stratified random sample of (340) respondents working in the departments of safety, risk management, operations, maintenance, and quality in a number of Saudi petrochemical companies. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified with high coefficients, as the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire as a whole reached (0.928). The data were then analyzed using the SPSS software through descriptive analysis, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression techniques. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant impact at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) of operational risks with their combined dimensions on the reduction of industrial accidents, as these dimensions explained (71.7%) of the variance in the dependent variable. Human resource risks ranked first among the influential dimensions, followed by systems and technology risks, then process and procedure risks, and finally external event risks. The study recommended enhancing investment in human resource development, consolidating the safety culture, linking the safety system to performance indicators, developing the technical infrastructure of early warning systems, adopting internationally recognized standards in occupational safety management, and developing emergency plans to accommodate low-probability, high-impact scenarios.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Operational Risks
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Accidents
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Petrochemical Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  topic: keywords
creator: Waleed Ahmed Abdulkarim Alkhudair
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p15

The Degree of Practicing Organizational Immunity Dimensions in Government Secondary Schools in Jeddah City: An Applied Study on Female Teachers in Government Secondary Schools in Jeddah City
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the degree of practicing organizational immunity dimensions in government secondary schools in Jeddah City from the perspectives of female teachers, as well as to examine whether there were statistically significant differences attributable to the variables of educational qualification and years of experience. The study employed a descriptive survey approach and used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of (355) female teachers working in government secondary schools in Jeddah City. The study instrument consisted of five dimensions of organizational immunity: organizational memory, organizational learning, organizational genes, specialized organizational immunity, and peripheral organizational immunity. The findings revealed that the degree of practicing organizational immunity dimensions was “very high,” with an overall mean score of (4.196). The dimension of organizational learning ranked first, followed by organizational genes, peripheral organizational immunity, specialized organizational immunity, and finally organizational memory. The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) attributable to the variables of educational qualification and years of experience. Considering the findings, the study recommended the need to enhance organizational learning practices, develop the technological infrastructure supporting organizational memory, activate the role of specialized committees and units within schools, and strengthen community partnerships in ways that contribute to enhancing organizational immunity and achieving institutional stability in government secondary schools in Jeddah City.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organizational Immunity
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Memory
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Genes
  topic: keywords
creator: Anhar Mohammed Al-Qarni
creator: Eman Abdulmalik Rawah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p14

The impact of energy management on reducing operating costs in Yanbu petrochemical plants: A field study
type: item
description: This study aimed to measure the impact of energy management with its dimensions (energy planning, monitoring and control systems, preventive maintenance of equipment) on reducing operational costs in petrochemical factories in Yanbu Industrial City. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, where a questionnaire consisting of (22) items was designed and distributed to a stratified random sample of (202) respondents from employees at managerial, supervisory, and technical levels involved in energy management, operations, and maintenance in five petrochemical factories. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression analysis. The results revealed that the level of energy management practices was high with a mean of (3.46), and that all dimensions of energy management have a statistically significant impact at the level (α ≤ 0.05) on reducing operational costs. The combined dimensions of energy management explained (54.9%) of the variance in reducing operational costs. The monitoring and control systems dimension ranked first in terms of impact, followed by energy planning, then preventive maintenance of equipment. The study recommended enhancing investment in smart monitoring systems, developing measurable energy performance indicators, adopting predictive analysis techniques in preventive maintenance, and pursuing ISO 50001 certification to ensure the sustainability of improvement efforts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Planning
  topic: keywords
subject: Monitoring and Control Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Preventive Maintenance
  topic: keywords
subject: Operational Cost Reduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Petrochemical Factories
  topic: keywords
subject: Yanbu Industrial City
  topic: keywords
creator: Majd Khalid Alghunaim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p13

The role of risk management in improving organizational performance: A field study on private companies in Dammam
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the impact of risk management with its dimensions (risk identification, risk assessment, risk treatment, risk monitoring) on improving the performance of private companies in Dammam city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach and used the questionnaire as the main tool for collecting field data from the study sample members. The study population consisted of employees in private companies in Dammam city, and a stratified random sample of (398) participants was selected from employees at various administrative levels, representing the industrial, commercial, contracting, services, and technology sectors. The study reached several results, most notably the existence of a statistically significant impact at the significance level (α≤0.05) of risk management with its combined dimensions on improving institutional performance, as the dimensions of risk management explained (71.8%) of the variance in improving institutional performance. It was also found that the “risk assessment” dimension is the most influential, followed by “risk treatment”, then “risk monitoring”, and finally “risk identification”. The results showed statistically significant differences in respondents’ perceptions attributed to variables of age, educational qualification, years of experience, and job level, while no differences were attributed to the gender variable. The study recommended that private companies in Dammam should adopt integrated risk management systems, establish specialized organizational units for this purpose, employ modern technologies such as artificial intelligence to enhance risk management capabilities, and establish a risk management culture throughout the entire organization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Risk Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Identification
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Performance Improvement
  topic: keywords
subject: Private Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: Dammam City
  topic: keywords
subject: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  topic: keywords
creator: Hashim Essa Hashim Al-Sadah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-09
publication date: 2026-08-09
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p12

Spatial analysis of urban expansion and vegetation cover in Al-Bukairiyah Governorate using Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing techniques
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the spatial change of urban expansion and vegetation cover in Al-Bukayriyah Governorate during the period (2015–2025), using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing techniques, in order to reveal the nature of transformations in land use and the interactive relationship between urban growth and vegetation cover change. The importance of the study comes within the framework of supporting the directions of Saudi Vision 2030 toward achieving sustainable urban development that preserves environmental resources and supports quality of life. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach and the spatial analysis approach through processing Landsat 8 satellite imagery extracted via Google Earth Engine, with the employment of ArcGIS Pro software to conduct spatial analysis processes and produce thematic maps. NDVI and NDBI indices were also used to monitor changes in vegetation cover and urban expansion across different time periods. The results showed the existence of clear spatial changes in land uses, as the urban area increased from about (18.3 km²) in 2015 to (25.1 km²) in 2025, while the vegetation cover area decreased from (49.9 km²) to (23.3 km²) during the same period, with an annual loss rate estimated at about (2.6 km²/year). The results also showed the existence of a direct inverse relationship between urban expansion and vegetation cover, represented by the increase in NDBI values versus the decrease in NDVI values. The study also explained that vegetation cover is concentrated in the eastern sector of the governorate, while dry and semi-desert lands prevail in the western parts, reflecting the impact of natural variation and human activities in shaping the spatial patterns of land uses. The study demonstrated the possibility of employing Remote Sensing and GIS techniques in monitoring spatial changes with high accuracy and supporting spatial analysis and decision-making processes. The study concluded that Al-…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: NDVI
  topic: keywords
subject: NDBI
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Change Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Bukayriyah Governorate
  topic: keywords
subject: Google Earth Engine
  topic: keywords
creator: Waleed Abdullah Almusaiteer
creator: Muhammad Ibrahim Sulaiman Aldughairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-09
publication date: 2026-08-09
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p11

Effects of Real Estate Purging in Saudi Law: An Analytical Comparative Study
type: item
description: This study examines the principle of real estate purging in the Saudi legal system through doctrinal, analytical, and comparative approaches. It concludes that an auction award prevents prior claims from being enforced against the property in the hands of the successful bidder, while personal claims remain enforceable and secured rights generally attach to the sale proceeds. The study distinguishes purging resulting from an auction award from the possessor’s pre-sale right to purge a registered mortgage. It recommends clarifying the applicable rules, standardizing auction award decisions, and strengthening integration with the real estate registry.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Real Estate Purging
  topic: keywords
subject: Auction Award
  topic: keywords
subject: Mortgage
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Sale
  topic: keywords
subject: Rights in Rem
  topic: keywords
subject: Enforcement Judge
  topic: keywords
subject: Real Estate Registry
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Abdulrahman Mohammed Algunaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-08
publication date: 2026-08-08
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p10

Free Vibration of Isotropic Material Euler-Bernoulli Beam Resting on Pasternak Foundation
type: item
description: In this paper, free vibration of isotropic material Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on Pasternak foundation is considered. The governing equations of motion for isotropic beam are derived based on energy method, and Hamilton's principle. These equations are solved using Navier's method for simply support boundary condition. The effect of spring constant (Kw), shear constant (KG) and longitudinal wave number (m) on natural frequency (axial natural frequency and bending natural frequency) is considered. A validation is made with previous similar researches in the literature to check the accuracy of the present study. Natural frequencies are computed for various values of the parameters mentioned using MATLAB program. The beam is considered to be made of steel.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Free Vibration
  topic: keywords
subject: Isotropic Materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Euler-Bernoulli Beam
  topic: keywords
subject: Pasternack Foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: Viscoelastic Foundation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Hasan Shaheed
creator: Tefool H. O. Al-khafaji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-08
publication date: 2026-08-08
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p9

The Role of Green Finance in Mitigating the Financial and Economic Impacts of Geopolitical Tensions: An Analytical Study of the Repercussions of the US-Iranian Escalation on the Lebanese Economy
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the role of green finance in mitigating the financial and economic impacts of geopolitical tensions through an analytical examination of the repercussions of the U.S.–Iran escalation on the Lebanese economy. The study is based on the hypothesis that green finance represents a modern financial instrument capable of enhancing economic resilience, diversifying funding sources, and supporting investment in sustainable sectors, thereby reducing the adverse effects of external shocks on fragile economies. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on the relevant economic literature and international reports on green finance, in addition to analyzing the effects of the U.S.–Iran escalation on key Lebanese economic and financial indicators, including economic growth, investment, financial stability, exchange rates, the banking sector, and energy security. It also examines the relationship between rising geopolitical risks and declining conventional investment flows, while highlighting the growing importance of green finance instruments—such as green bonds, sustainable investment funds, and financing for renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure projects—as effective mechanisms for strengthening economic resilience in times of crisis. The findings indicate that geopolitical tensions impose significant burdens on the Lebanese economy by increasing uncertainty, raising financing costs, reducing investment, and intensifying pressure on public finances. Conversely, green finance provides alternative funding sources, stimulates investment in sustainable development projects, and enhances energy security through the expansion of renewable energy, thereby reducing dependence on imported energy and improving the economy's capacity to withstand external shocks. However, the effectiveness of green finance depends on the existence of an appropriate institutional and legislative framework, stable economic policies, and structural reform…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green Finance
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitical Tensions
  topic: keywords
creator: Hawraa Ali Sobaity
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p8

Trends of Andalosi Poetry between Classical and Modernists Arabs
type: item
description: Andalusia Arabs were well informed with the schools, styles, and trends of Oriental Arab poets. They knew that Oriental poetry represented two schools and trends: the classical school and the modern one. The two schools and trends coexisted together in Andalusia (today’s Spain). They even were sometimes adopted by the same poet. Hence, this study is intended to give a clear picture of the concept of these two schools of poetry as perceived by Andalusia Arabs and it elaborates on Andalusia poets’ assimilation of the two trends. And explaining the reasons for the dominance of the classical school. One of the most important findings of this study is that the early Arab style of poetry recitation was prevalent among Andalusian poets, and that the main motivations for most Andalusian poets to follow this style were: the efforts of rulers, the influence of educators, Eastern music, Eastern poets, the general political climate, and critics. The researcher recommends that scholars continue to explore and discuss this literary critical issue and its research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Classic vs
  topic: keywords
subject: Modern
  topic: keywords
subject: Oriental Poets
  topic: keywords
subject: Andalusia Poets
  topic: keywords
subject: Oriental Poets’ Schools
  topic: keywords
subject: Andalusia Poets’ Trends
  topic: keywords
creator: Jamal Ghidan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p7

Encrypted Dynamic Control with Stability Tests and Application to Pantograph-Catenary Systems
type: item
description: This paper addresses the challenges of implementing linear dynamic controllers on encrypted data using homomorphic encryption, focusing on the problem of scaling factor accumulation that leads to performance instability when operating systems with non-integer matrices over long time horizons. The paper demonstrates that integer matrices represent a fundamental solution to this problem, allowing signal scale to remain fixed throughout the operation without the need for re-encryption or resetting. The paper also presents two tests for analyzing the stability of nonlinear systems at equilibrium points: the first determines global stability based on the sign of determinants, while the second relies on Gershgorin criteria for local stability. The tests are applied to a dynamic system model of the pantograph-catenary system, identifying stability and instability regions in the parameter plane, and studying the influence of pantograph speed on system stability. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical models in analyzing the behavior of complex physical systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Homomorphic Encryption
  topic: keywords
subject: Encrypted Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Stability Tests
  topic: keywords
subject: Pantograph-Catenary System
  topic: keywords
subject: Integer State Matrix
  topic: keywords
creator: Adel Ahmed Hassan Kubba
creator: Amna Hamid Mohammed Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p6

The Decision Evaluation Rule and its Effect on the Liability of Company Managers and Board Members under Saudi Companies Law: An Analytical Foundational Study
type: item
description: This study examines the decision evaluation rule set out in Article 31 of the Saudi Companies Law and its effect on the liability of company managers and board members. It argues that the rule does not create immunity, but establishes a rebuttable presumption that the decision-maker performed the required duty when acting in good faith, without a personal interest, on an appropriately informed basis, and with a firm and rational belief that the decision serves the company’s interests. The study analyzes the rule’s relationship with the duties of care and loyalty, its application to action and inaction, its evidentiary effect, the limits of judicial review, and the consequences of losing protection. It concludes that protection depends on the quality of the decision-making process at the time of the decision rather than its subsequent economic outcome, and that rebutting the presumption does not dispense with proving fault, damage, and causation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Decision Evaluation Rule
  topic: keywords
subject: Managers’ Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Duty of Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Duty of Loyalty
  topic: keywords
subject: Corporate Interest
  topic: keywords
subject: Burden of Proof
  topic: keywords
subject: Corporate Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Abdulrahman Mohammed Algunaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p5

https://vsrp.co.uk/index.php/ijsr/en/article/view/1762
type: item
title: The ambitious leadership of the presidents and its relationship to the organizational competitive orientation of the first-class football clubs in Iraq from the point of view of the members of their administrative bodies
description: The research aimed to identify the type and nature of the relationship between each of the ambitious leadership of the presidents of the first-class football clubs and the organizational competitive orientation of these clubs, after identifying the level of both ambitious leadership of the presidents, and the level of organizational competitive orientation of these clubs, the researchers have identified members of the administrative bodies of first-class football clubs in Iraq as a community for research, as the number of members of this community (203) members of the administrative body, and the small size of this community researchers decided to adopt them all As a main sample of the research, the researchers have divided this sample into three sub-samples (exploratory study, statistical analysis, final application), and these samples were based on the number of individuals amounting to (8, 117, 78) members of the administrative body, and in order to collect the data required for the research, the researchers prepared two measurement tools, the first tool measures the level of ambitious leadership of the presidents of football clubs with a number of paragraphs amounting to (15) paragraphs, and the second tool measures the level of organizational competitive orientation of these clubs with a number of paragraphs amounting to (15) paragraphs, and the answer is After completing the preparation of the two tools, the researchers applied them to the final application sample, and the researchers processed the results extracted statistically through a set of statistical means, namely (percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, Getman equation, class length), and the researchers have concluded a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: - The presidents of first-class football clubs have an average level of ambitious leadership from the point of view of members of their governing bodies. - Football clubs of the first divisio…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ambitious Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Competitive Orientation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Enad Jarjees Al-Sofe
creator: Buthainah Hussein Ali Oohayyid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p4

The role of secondary school principals in developing school administration from the perspective of physical education teachers in Mosul
type: item
description: The Objective of the Research is to identify the role of secondary school principals in developing administrative work in secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate. The descriptive approach was used using the survey method and the study sample included (235) physical education teachers in secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate. To obtain the data, the scale (Al-Manaamah, 2005) was adopted and applied after the scientific conditions of validity and reliability were met. Through the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, Spearman-Brown equation, Gitman equation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The researcher has drawn several conclusions, the most important is that the level of the role played by the school principal in developing the administrative work in his school was at a high level in the secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate. The researcher recommends that the necessity of showing sufficient interest in school administrations by those in charge of educational institutions and providing them with the latest developments in developing administrative work and adopting scientific methods in all areas related to secondary school administrations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: School Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: High Schools
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Education Teachers
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Abd-Alwahaab Azez Alhayali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p3

A proposed model for business process reengineering (BPR) in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports: An organizational analytical study
type: item
description: Amid rapid global administrative transformations, the application of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) has become an urgent necessity for government institutions to keep pace with developments and achieve competitiveness. This research aims to design a proposed model for BPR in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports to address Unjustified inflation of the organizational structure and modernize its organizational structures. Methodology: The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach (case study and organizational design), relying on the researcher's 15 years of field observation in the Ministry's departments, in addition to analyzing periodic reports and institutional strategies in light of systems theory. Results: The analysis revealed that the current administrative systems suffer from bureaucracy and redundancy, weakening the effectiveness of its outputs. A proposed model based on a "flat management system" was developed, which included merging and eliminating certain departments (e.g., eliminating the Engineering Affairs Department) and creating new ones (such as the Talent Care Directorate and the Advisory Bureau) to enhance decentralization and speed up decision-making. Conclusions & Recommendations: The research recommends adopting the proposed model, shifting towards flat organizational structures, and conducting continuous periodic evaluations to ensure comprehensive quality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business Process Reengineering
  topic: keywords
subject: BPR
  topic: keywords
subject: Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Eyad Mohammed Saleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p2

Training Needs Related to Teaching Methods from the Perspective of a Sample of Kindergarten Teachers According to Selected Variables
type: item
description: The present study aims to identify the training needs related to teaching methods from the perspective of a sample of kindergarten teachers in selected Syrian governorates, and to rank these needs according to their relative importance. It also seeks to examine differences in these needs based on the following variables: (administrative affiliation of the kindergarten, academic qualification, and years of experience). The study sample consisted of 309 kindergarten teachers selected from 30 kindergartens distributed across five governorates (Damascus, Rural Damascus, Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, and Idlib). A questionnaire comprising 40 items was employed, equally divided into four domains: (lesson preparation, selection of teaching methods, application of teaching methods, and evaluation of the effectiveness of teaching methods). The findings revealed that the domains of (lesson preparation and application of teaching methods) ranked first and second, respectively, at the level of “very urgent training need.” The domain of (evaluation of the effectiveness of teaching methods) ranked third at the level of “important training need,” while the domain of (selection of teaching methods) ranked fourth and last at the level of “less important training need.” Results also indicated significant differences in teachers’ assessment of their training needs related to teaching methods across subdomains and in the overall score, depending on the administrative affiliation of the kindergarten, in favor of teachers in private-sector kindergartens. Differences were also found according to academic qualification, in favor of teachers with lower qualifications, and according to years of experience, in favor of teachers with fewer years of service. The results were interpreted in light of the theoretical framework and previous studies, as well as from the researchers’ perspective.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Training Needs
  topic: keywords
subject: Kindergarten Teachers
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Methods
  topic: keywords
creator: Jassim Khalil Hussin
creator: Hassan Hussein
creator: Mohammad Sohaib Maznouk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n8p1

The Wisdom behind the Divine Islamic Teachings: Confronting the False Images of Islamic Teachings
type: item
description: Abstract: This study aimed to shed light on some issues addressed by Islamic teachings that have been misinterpreted by non-Muslims. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach. This research clarifies these issues and concludes that negative media portrayals have presented a distorted image of Islam, thus necessitating clarification of the facts. Among the recommendations is the importance of explaining the Islamic perspective on these issues under discussion. Muslim scholars are urged to undertake this challenging task in this era of modernity, globalization, and Westernization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islam
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Teachings
  topic: keywords
subject: Misconceptions
  topic: keywords
subject: Modernity and Globalization
  topic: keywords
subject: Contemporary
  topic: keywords
creator: Hassan Mohammad Fadl Elmulla Adam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p16

Cyber-attacks Risk Analysis of a Connected Pulse Oximeter Device: A Threat Modeling Using STRIDE and DREAD Models
type: item
description: The term "Internet of Things (IoT)" has gained significant traction in recent years due to its wide-ranging applications across various industries, including the healthcare sector. These medical devices, known as connected medical devices, offer immense benefits to patients with chronic diseases and others. However, despite their advantages, regulatory bodies responsible for issuing medical device sales and usage permits currently lack a standardized method for evaluating the security and cybersecurity resilience of these devices before granting approval. The proposed threat modeling approach is an engineering tool that utilizes the STRIDE model to identify and categorize potential threats to connected devices, determine the mitigation techniques employed, and generate a comprehensive report. Additionally, the DREAD model is employed to assess the severity of potential threats throughout the development life cycle of the connected medical device. This paper aims to validate the accuracy and realism of the outcomes derived from this tool and assess the ease of implementation of the proposed methodology by medical device designers and biomedical engineers who lack cybersecurity expertise. The results of applying the proposed threat modeling approach using the STRIDE and DREAD models to an open-source connected pulse oximeter revealed a low average severity score for the connected medical device against potential cyber threats. Our approach was also compared to other threat modeling methods in terms of the number of steps, implementation complexity, and result realism. The findings demonstrat that our threat modeling approach requires the fewest steps, does not necessitate cybersecurity expertise for implementation, and produces more realistic and stable results. Consequently, we propose that the FDA adopt and implement our proposed approach to expedite the approval process for the sale and use of these medical devices, enabling healthcare providers to leverage connect…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Threat modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber-security Threats
  topic: keywords
subject: Connected Medical Device
  topic: keywords
subject: STRIDE
  topic: keywords
subject: DREAD
  topic: keywords
creator: Nebras Sobahi
creator: Abdullah S. Bamabad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2024-05-15
publication date: 2024-05-15
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2024.v3n5p10

Effect of Digital Leadership on Enhancing Organizational Agility through the Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing: An Applied Study in Iraqi Service Companies
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the effect of digital leadership on enhancing organizational agility through the mediating role of knowledge sharing, focusing on Iraqi service companies in Baghdad. In the context of the Fourth Digital Revolution, companies face increasing challenges that necessitate adopting innovative digital strategies to enhance their flexibility and adaptability to rapid changes in the economic and technological environment. Digital leadership emerges as a pivotal factor in guiding organizations towards excellence. It stimulates knowledge exchange and fosters internal collaboration, enhancing organizational agility capabilities such as rapid response and continuous innovation. The study employed a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data, and collected information from 207 employees and managers of prominent Iraqi service companies. Advanced statistical tools such as factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to measure causal relationships between variables. The results showed a statistically significant positive effect of digital leadership on organizational agility, with a strong mediating role of knowledge sharing in enhancing this effect. The study recommends developing training programs to strengthen digital competencies and cultivate a culture of knowledge sharing to increase the competitiveness of Iraqi institutions in a changing digital environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Agility
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge Sharing
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Iraq
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Equation Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Abed Murdhi Hashoosh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p15

The role of digital public relations in building customer loyalty: A field study on women's e-commerce stores in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the impact of digital public relations — with its dimensions of interactive digital communication, digital content management, virtual community building, and instant digital responsiveness — on building customer loyalty among female clients of women’s e-commerce stores in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the study was applied to a convenience sample of (400) female customers of women’s e-commerce stores in the Kingdom, through an electronic questionnaire specifically designed for the purposes of the study. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified using appropriate statistical methods, and the data were subsequently analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed a high level of digital public relations practice within women’s e-commerce stores in the Kingdom, as well as a high level of loyalty among female customers. The results further demonstrated a statistically significant impact at the (0.05) level of digital public relations, with its combined dimensions, on building loyalty, as these dimensions collectively explained (69.7%) of the variance in the dependent variable. Digital content management ranked first in terms of influence, followed by instant digital responsiveness, then interactive digital communication, and finally virtual community building. In light of these findings, the study recommended adopting an integrated strategic vision for digital public relations within women’s e-commerce stores, developing digital content quantitatively and qualitatively, strengthening the technical infrastructure for instant responsiveness, investing in building virtual communities for female customers, and designing multi-level loyalty programs that address the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions of loyalty.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Public Relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Interactive Digital Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Content Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Virtual Community Building
  topic: keywords
subject: Instant Digital Responsiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Loyalty
  topic: keywords
subject: Women’s E-commerce Stores
  topic: keywords
subject: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  topic: keywords
creator: Majjda Falah Al-Qathami
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-26
publication date: 2026-07-26
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p14

The Predictive Ability of Psychological Resilience and Self-Efficacy in Professional Adjustment among Educational Counselors in Palestine: A Proposed Counseling Program
type: item
description: Study Objective: This study aimed to examine the predictive power of psychological resilience and self-efficacy in explaining professional adjustment among educational counselors in Palestine, as well as to propose a counseling program. Methodology: A descriptive correlational approach was employed, and data were collected using three instruments: the Psychological Resilience Scale, the Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Professional Adjustment Scale. The study sample consisted of 294 male and female counselors in Palestine, selected through cluster random sampling. Results: The findings revealed that the overall level of psychological resilience among educational counselors was high (M = 4.05). Statistically significant differences were found in psychological resilience based on gender, favoring males across all dimensions, as well as based on educational qualification. Specifically, doctoral degree holders scored higher in the domains of endurance and coping with stress, while both master’s and doctoral degree holders showed higher levels in self-confidence and optimism. The results also indicated that the overall level of self-efficacy was high (M = 4.00), with statistically significant gender differences favoring males, as well as differences based on educational qualification in the domain of efficacy, in favor of doctoral degree holders. Similarly, the level of professional adjustment was found to be high (M = 4.09), with statistically significant differences attributed to gender, again in favor of males. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were found between psychological resilience and self-efficacy (r = 0.786), psychological resilience and professional adjustment (r = 0.731), and self-efficacy and professional adjustment (r = 0.776), all at (α ≤ 0.01). Regression analysis showed that both psychological resilience and self-efficacy had a statistically significant predictive effect on professional adjustment (α ≤ 0.05), jointly explaining 64.1% of the va…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychological Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Professional Adjustment
  topic: keywords
subject: Counseling Program
  topic: keywords
creator: Ikram Mahmoud Amin Al-Muhtaseb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-24
publication date: 2026-07-24
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p13

The right of Asian and African peoples to hold the FIFA presidency - Ending the ongoing violation of their rights since 1904 under the pretext of elections
type: item
description: This paper examines the issue of the continued denial of the presidency of the International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) since its establishment in 1904, despite the fundamental transformations that the global football system has witnessed in terms of the numerical expansion of the member associations, the geographical spread, and the mass and economic weight of the two continents. The research is based on the hypothesis that elections within FIFA, despite their formal legal legitimacy, have historically not served as a neutral mechanism for the rotation of power, but have turned into an institutional pretext for the reproduction of leadership dominance European-rooted. The research relies on the historical-analytical and descriptive-analytical approaches, by tracing the evolution of the leadership structure within FIFA, analyzing the electoral system and its undeclared mechanisms, and revealing structural flaws in leadership representation. The research also discusses the human rights dimension of exclusion, highlighting the contradiction between FIFA's value discourse on inclusivity and non-discrimination, and its actual practices at the leadership level. The research highlights the importance of the Asian-African People's Movement as a moral and media pressure tool capable of transferring the issue from its closed institutional framework to the space of global public opinion, thus contributing to the accountability of the legitimacy of the current leadership and pushing for reforms in governance and the electoral system. The research concludes that achieving representative justice in the FIFA leadership is not only a symbolic requirement, but also a prerequisite for enhancing the organization's credibility and consolidating the principles of good governance in global football.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: FIFA
  topic: keywords
subject: Sports Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Representative Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Sports Elections
  topic: keywords
subject: Asia and Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: European Hegemony
  topic: keywords
subject: Sports Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: International NGOs
  topic: keywords
creator: Abbas Al-Jabouri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-24
publication date: 2026-07-24
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p12

Enhancements in Quality of Project Management in the Domain of Information Systems
type: item
description: This paper focuses on proposing a quality assurance model for Information Systems Projects Management (IS-PM). This paper presents some important concepts related to this field. It presents the phases and activities of IS-PM. This paper presents a set of proposed steps for achieving each activity of planning ISs projects. Depending on the proposed steps and a combination of statistical techniques, this paper introduces a proposed quality assurance model for IS-PM activities. This proposed model can be used to build an automated software tool. This paper presents a proposed database schema for building such tool.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Information Systems Projects Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality Assurance Tool
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality Assurance Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Information Systems Projects
  topic: keywords
creator: Samih Karim Buo-Oga
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2022-11-15
publication date: 2022-11-15
doi: 10.59992/1r9cbf23

The impact of the use of information technology on the utilization of knowledge management in the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
type: item
description: The current study aimed to know the reality of the impact of the use of information technology on the extent to which knowledge management is used in the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. Given the breadth of the concept of information technology, the main focus of the study is on management information systems. As for the areas of benefiting from knowledge management, they include improving: the planning process, the efficiency of workers' performance, project management activities, the decision-making process, the quality of services, innovation and creativity, and performance excellence. The study used the descriptive approach and the case study approach to describe the reality of the management information systems used in the ministry and the reality of their support for areas of benefit from knowledge management. The questionnaire and the personal interview were used as data collection tools. The total population of the study includes managers at the level of senior management and middle management, and workers in the general administration of information technology. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 140 participants. The study concluded that the respondents on the whole agree to some extent on the "elements of management information systems", "areas of benefiting from knowledge management", but they do not agree with software resources, improving the efficiency of workers' performance, improving the quality of services provided to citizens, and improving the organization's ability to innovate and create, and neutral in terms of human resources, and improve the quality of the decision-making process. The study recommended the necessity of having a department in the organizational structure specialized in knowledge management, and the need to pay attention to the employment of specialists in the field of knowledge, and it recommended the need to improve human resources and software resources. It also recommended increasing attention to i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Information Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Management Information Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Utilization Areas of Knowledge Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge Management Applications
  topic: keywords
subject: Government Organizations
  topic: keywords
creator: Najoud Dhaifallah Al-Maatani
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2022-11-15
publication date: 2022-11-15
doi: 10.59992/6pd2hp67

Intellectual Capital and Its Role in Achieving Institutional Excellence at King Abdulaziz University from the Perspective of Faculty Members
type: item
description: This study aimed to investigate the role of intellectual capital in achieving institutional excellence at King Abdulaziz University from the perspective of faculty members. Specifically, it sought to identify the degree of availability of the dimensions of intellectual capital, namely human capital, structural capital, and relational capital; determine the level of institutional excellence through its leadership, human, and service dimensions; examine the nature of the relationship between intellectual capital and institutional excellence; and identify statistically significant differences in the responses of the study sample according to demographic variables (gender, academic rank, and years of experience).To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive-correlational approach was employed. A questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of 33 items distributed across two main domains: intellectual capital and institutional excellence. The study was conducted on a sample of 348 faculty members at King Abdulaziz University. A range of statistical techniques was utilized, including means, standard deviations, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the independent samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), to answer the study questions. The findings revealed that the degree of availability of the dimensions of intellectual capital (human, structural, and relational capital) at King Abdulaziz University was high, with an overall mean score of (3.59). Human capital ranked first with a mean of (3.70), followed by relational capital (3.68), while structural capital recorded a moderate level with a mean of (3.38). The overall level of institutional excellence (leadership, human, and service excellence) was moderate, with a mean score of (3.26). Leadership excellence ranked first with a high level (3.50), followed by human excellence with a moderate level (3.31), while service excellence ranked last with…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intellectual Capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Excellence
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Capital
  topic: keywords
creator: Eteemaad Abdulrahim Hamdan Al-Khazmari Al-Zahrani
creator: Eman Abdulmalik Rawah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-20
publication date: 2026-07-20
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p11

The Fourth Force: Rethinking the Continuity of Multi-Generational Family Businesses
type: item
description: This study aimed to bridge the explanatory deficit in family business literature by formulating an innovative conceptual framework that integrates the "institutional asset lock" as an independent fourth force alongside the traditional forces of family, ownership, and management. It establishes the mechanisms of wealth survival and predicts structural failure points using a mathematical minimum function derived from the non-compensatory "weakest link" logic. Furthermore, it introduces a governance typology of global waqf (endowment) and trust models, focusing on strategic separation mechanisms between ownership control and executive management to ensure the multigenerational sustainability of these enterprises amidst a knowledge-based, digital economy. To achieve these objectives, the study adopts a constructive deductive methodology to build theoretical frameworks and advance the classic three-circle model. It employs a causal-explanatory approach, moving away from prescriptive-descriptive narratives, while relying exclusively on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of rigorous secondary academic sources—including peer-reviewed journal articles and international books—to deconstruct the legal mechanisms governing asset locks and compare them with contemporary waqf structures. The study yields several key findings, most notably proving that family business sustainability does not follow an additive logic; managerial excellence or financial abundance cannot compensate for the absence of an institutional asset lock. Additionally, it demonstrates the strategic efficiency of the "endowment without owners" model in protecting investment decisions and reducing interpersonal conflict costs through the absolute separation of control and management. It also conceptualizes the universal dimension of commercial waqf as the oldest model of its kind, structurally aligning it with major sustainable industrial foundations and trusts in Northern Europe and America to protect…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Institutional Asset Lock
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Businesses
  topic: keywords
subject: Weakest Link Logic
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Enterprise Sustainability Index (FESI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Waqf
  topic: keywords
subject: Generational Sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Fahad Al-Dowayan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-20
publication date: 2026-07-20
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p10

Conceptual Art: between Idea and Technique
type: item
description: This research explores the creative interactions between idea and technique in conceptual art. It aims to define conceptual art as a movement, encompassing both idea and technique, and to reveal the forms of interaction between these two elements in conceptual artworks. The research also addresses artistic and technical issues that may contribute to understanding the relationship between ideas and techniques within the field of postmodern concepts. The author discloses how idea and technique harmonized in a sample of conceptual works, and points to the reasons that make these works open to both intellectual and technical interpretation. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach followed by a comparative, interpretive, and conceptual methodology, considered the most suitable for a detailed analysis of the subject. It demonstrates various forms of interaction between idea and technique. The idea and technique may negate and simultaneously affirm each other, (as in the spiral water barrier). The idea may become the foundation of the technique (as in the work “One chair and three Chairs”). The idea may expand the scope of reality (as in “Hammering Man”), and both idea and technique may constitute a conceptual reality that does not yet exist (as in the work “Apotheosis of Homer”). The research concludes with several key points regarding the interaction between idea and technique. Most importantly, the diversity of techniques can contribute to giving a tangible character to the object depicted in the idea. The analyzed cases revealed that the idea becomes a prerequisite and a necessary condition for choosing the technique, controlling the presentation of the conceptual work, and understanding its meaning. Conceptual art formed through a hybrid technique that combines idea, form, and exhibition space. This hybridization is unlimited and unconditional, thus becoming the dominant principle of conceptual Art.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Conceptual Art
  topic: keywords
subject: Idea
  topic: keywords
subject: Technique
  topic: keywords
subject: Creative Interactions
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibtisam Abdulrahman Aburuwais
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-19
publication date: 2026-07-19
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p9

Motor Fitness Components and Basic Skills as a Function for Discriminating Between Female Volleyball Players
type: item
description: The study aimed to identify the most important motor fitness and technical skill variables that distinguish female volleyball players with high performance from those with low performance. It also sought to develop a discriminant function based on the combined motor fitness and skill variables for differentiating between high- and low-performing female volleyball players.The researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach. The research population consisted of first-division female youth volleyball players for the 2025 season, totaling 168 players. The research sample was selected purposively and included 69 players representing the following sports clubs: Qaraqosh Sports Club, Akad Ankawa Sports Club, Darbandikhan Sports Club, Aphrodite Sports Club, Solaf Sports Club, and North Oil Sports Club.To achieve the objectives of the study, the following tests were administered: seated two-handed overhead medicine ball throw (3 kg); standing long jump; 20-meter sprint test; numbered circles test; standing trunk flexion test; hand-throw accuracy test on overlapping rectangles; standing vertical jump; push-up test; Nelson reaction time test; T-test for agility; one-leg balance test with arms extended sideways and trunk rotation to the right and left for 15 seconds; volleyball serve accuracy test; movement speed test; repeated wall volley test (overhead passing) for 30 seconds; forearm pass (bump) reception accuracy test using thrown balls; repeated blocking test; and cross-court spike accuracy test.Appropriate statistical procedures were applied using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). based on the analysis, the researchers reached the following conclusions: The researchers reached the following conclusions: - A discriminant function based on the combined motor fitness and technical skill variables was developed. Three variables were identified as having the greatest discriminative ability between high- and low-performing female volle…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Motor Fitness
  topic: keywords
subject: Basic Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Discrimination Function
  topic: keywords
subject: Volleyball Players
  topic: keywords
creator: Shehab Ahmad Hasan Al-Dhahir
creator: Clark Abdulkhaleg Ayshoa Nasee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-19
publication date: 2026-07-19
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p8

The Impact of Marital Discord on the Relationship between Spouses
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the impact of marital distress on the relationship between spouses. The study adopted the descriptive survey approach and was conducted on a random sample of 104 male and female participants from the cities of Al-Ahsa, Al Khobar, and Dammam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument after its validity and reliability had been verified. The results showed that the mean score for the dimension of the early signs of marital distress was 2.03 with a standard deviation of 0.85, indicating a moderate to high level of agreement among the participants regarding the association between the early signs of marital distress and the decline in family adjustment, psychological well-being, and harmony between spouses. The mean score for the dimension of identifying patterns of marital distress was 1.55 with a standard deviation of 0.40, indicating that the patterns of marital distress among the participants tended to range from low to moderate. The mean score for the dimension of the effects of marital distress was 1.37 with a standard deviation of 0.72, indicating that the effects of marital distress on husbands and wives in the study sample were relatively low. In addition, the mean score for the dimension of the best methods for preventing marital distress was 2.10 with a standard deviation of 0.71, reflecting the participants' agreement on the importance of the proposed preventive methods in reducing marital distress. The findings also revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between marital distress and the quality of the relationship between spouses, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.41, indicating that as the level of marital distress increases, the quality of the marital relationship decreases. The study recommends paying greater attention to the early detection of indicators of marital distress, addressing it during its early stages, assessing its causes and consequence…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Marital Distress
  topic: keywords
subject: Relationship between Spouses
  topic: keywords
subject: Impact of Marital Distress
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevention of Marital Distress
  topic: keywords
subject: Patterns of Marital Distress
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Abdullah Ahmed Aljaffar
creator: Ghada Ahmed Sultan bin Mahfouz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-14
publication date: 2026-07-14
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p7

The functional role of phonemes and morphemes in meaning construction
type: item
description: This research addresses the functional role of the phoneme and morpheme in constructing meaning within the Arabic linguistic system. The research aims to explore the mechanisms through which these minimal linguistic units contribute to shaping semantics and guiding communicative intentions, with a focus on the overlapping area known as the "morphophoneme." The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to dismantle the structure of the Arabic word, examining the distinctive functions of the phoneme (positively and negatively) through mechanisms of phonetic substitution and metathesis, alongside the morphological and syntactic functions of the morpheme. The research concludes that the phoneme and morpheme constitute the essential driving force for producing meaning, and that the bond between them is organic and inseparable, reflecting the ingenuity of the Arabic linguistic organization and its rigor in morphological adaptation and expressive economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phoneme
  topic: keywords
subject: Morpheme
  topic: keywords
subject: Morphophoneme
  topic: keywords
subject: Semantic Function
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic Linguistic System
  topic: keywords
subject: Linguistic Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Taghreed Alawi Sheikhan Al-Jafri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-12
publication date: 2026-07-12
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p6

The Effect of the Knowledge of Performance and Knowledge of Result Methods on Learning Offensive Skills in Basketball
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to identify the effect of using the Knowledge of Performance (KP) and Knowledge of Result (KR) methods on learning offensive basketball skills among students. It also sought to compare the post-test result between the first experimental group, which used the Knowledge of Performance method, and the second experimental group, which used the Knowledge of Result method in learning offensive basketball skills. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test result for both the first experimental group that used the Knowledge of Performance (KP) method and the second experimental group that used the Knowledge of Result (KR) method in learning offensive basketball skills. The researchers also hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the post-test results between the two experimental groups in the level of skill performance of offensive basketball skills. The experimental method was adopted due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research population was intentionally selected from second-grade intermediate school students at Al-Taghlub Intermediate School for Boys in Qaraqosh during the 2025–2026 academic year. The population consisted of 32 students distributed into two experimental groups. The research sample was selected using a purposive-random approach. Equivalence between the two groups was established in terms of physical fitness components, perceptual-motor abilities, and offensive basketball skills. The researchers used personal interviews, questionnaires, and tests as research tools for data collection. The following statistical methods were employed: mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, coefficient of variation, independent-samples t-test, and paired-samples t-test. The findings indicated that both educational programs, accompanied by the Knowledge of Performance and Knowledge of Result methods, had a positive effect o…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Knowledge of Performance Method
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge of Result Method
  topic: keywords
subject: Offensive Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Basketball
  topic: keywords
creator: Rami Sadiq Shamoun
creator: Adnan Hadi Mousa Hanouna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
date: 2026-07-11
publication date: 2026-07-11
doi: 10.59992/IJSR.2026.v5n7p5