The International Journal for Scientific Research
The International Journal for Scientific Research (IJSR) comes as a specialized and refereed journal as an extension of the journals published by the publishing house “Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing” located in London, United Kingdom, which is managed by academics with long scientific expertise. The journal is interested in publishing scientific research that have originality, modernity, and scientific methodology, which constitute a scientific addition in all disciplines and sciences in both Arabic and English. The research published in the journal is subject to an arbitration process by a group of specialized academic professors from many countries of the world. The journal is also responsible for indexing and archiving Arab scientific and knowledge production in major international scientific databases. ISSN 2755-3418 (Online) Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.issn.2755-3418
Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing
Enhancements in Quality of Project Management in the Domain of Information Systems
This paper focuses on proposing a quality assurance model for Information Systems Projects Management (IS-PM). This paper presents some important concepts related to this field. It presents the phases and activities of IS-PM. This paper presents a set of proposed steps for achieving each activity of planning ISs projects. Depending on the proposed steps and a combination of statistical techniques, this paper introduces a proposed quality assurance model for IS-PM activities. This proposed model can be used to build an automated software tool. This paper presents a proposed database schema for building such tool.
Copyright (c) 2022 The International Journal for Scientific Research
The impact of the use of information technology on the utilization of knowledge management in the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
The current study aimed to know the reality of the impact of the use of information technology on the extent to which knowledge management is used in the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. Given the breadth of the concept of information technology, the main focus of the study is on management information systems. As for the areas of benefiting from knowledge management, they include improving: the planning process, the efficiency of workers' performance, project management activities, the decision-making process, the quality of services, innovation and creativity, and performance excellence. The study used the descriptive approach and the case study approach to describe the reality of the management information systems used in the ministry and the reality of their support for areas of benefit from knowledge management. The questionnaire and the personal interview were used as data collection tools. The total population of the study includes managers at the level of senior management and middle management, and workers in the general administration of information technology. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 140 participants. The study concluded that the respondents on the whole agree to some extent on the "elements of management information systems", "areas of benefiting from knowledge management", but they do not agree with software resources, improving the efficiency of workers' performance, improving the quality of services provided to citizens, and improving the organization's ability to innovate and create, and neutral in terms of human resources, and improve the quality of the decision-making process. The study recommended the necessity of having a department in the organizational structure specialized in knowledge management, and the need to pay attention to the employment of specialists in the field of knowledge, and it recommended the need to improve human resources and software resources. It also recommended increasing attention to improving the quality of the decision-making process, improving the efficiency of workers' performance, improving the quality of services provided to citizens, and improving the organization's ability of innovation and creativity.
Utilization Areas of Knowledge Management
Intellectual Capital and Its Role in Achieving Institutional Excellence at King Abdulaziz University from the Perspective of Faculty Members
This study aimed to investigate the role of intellectual capital in achieving institutional excellence at King Abdulaziz University from the perspective of faculty members. Specifically, it sought to identify the degree of availability of the dimensions of intellectual capital, namely human capital, structural capital, and relational capital; determine the level of institutional excellence through its leadership, human, and service dimensions; examine the nature of the relationship between intellectual capital and institutional excellence; and identify statistically significant differences in the responses of the study sample according to demographic variables (gender, academic rank, and years of experience).To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive-correlational approach was employed. A questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of 33 items distributed across two main domains: intellectual capital and institutional excellence. The study was conducted on a sample of 348 faculty members at King Abdulaziz University. A range of statistical techniques was utilized, including means, standard deviations, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the independent samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), to answer the study questions. The findings revealed that the degree of availability of the dimensions of intellectual capital (human, structural, and relational capital) at King Abdulaziz University was high, with an overall mean score of (3.59). Human capital ranked first with a mean of (3.70), followed by relational capital (3.68), while structural capital recorded a moderate level with a mean of (3.38). The overall level of institutional excellence (leadership, human, and service excellence) was moderate, with a mean score of (3.26). Leadership excellence ranked first with a high level (3.50), followed by human excellence with a moderate level (3.31), while service excellence ranked last with a moderate level (2.99).The results also indicated a statistically significant relationship at the level of (α ≤ 0.05) between the availability of intellectual capital dimensions and the level of institutional excellence. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found at the same significance level with respect to the demographic variables (gender, years of experience, and academic rank), either in the availability of intellectual capital or in the level of institutional excellence. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends continuing the development of university policies and professional development programs, enhancing both financial and moral incentives, strengthening participatory leadership and the flexibility of administrative and financial processes, aligning individual performance with strategic objectives, expanding academic and social motivation systems, leveraging the university’s institutional reputation through effective partnerships, and making greater use of student evaluation and feedback reports to improve educational performance. These measures are intended to transform individual capabilities into sustainable institutional performance that supports comprehensive excellence.
Eteemaad Abdulrahim Hamdan Al-Khazmari Al-Zahrani
Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal for Scientific Research
The Fourth Force: Rethinking the Continuity of Multi-Generational Family Businesses
This study aimed to bridge the explanatory deficit in family business literature by formulating an innovative conceptual framework that integrates the "institutional asset lock" as an independent fourth force alongside the traditional forces of family, ownership, and management. It establishes the mechanisms of wealth survival and predicts structural failure points using a mathematical minimum function derived from the non-compensatory "weakest link" logic. Furthermore, it introduces a governance typology of global waqf (endowment) and trust models, focusing on strategic separation mechanisms between ownership control and executive management to ensure the multigenerational sustainability of these enterprises amidst a knowledge-based, digital economy. To achieve these objectives, the study adopts a constructive deductive methodology to build theoretical frameworks and advance the classic three-circle model. It employs a causal-explanatory approach, moving away from prescriptive-descriptive narratives, while relying exclusively on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of rigorous secondary academic sources—including peer-reviewed journal articles and international books—to deconstruct the legal mechanisms governing asset locks and compare them with contemporary waqf structures. The study yields several key findings, most notably proving that family business sustainability does not follow an additive logic; managerial excellence or financial abundance cannot compensate for the absence of an institutional asset lock. Additionally, it demonstrates the strategic efficiency of the "endowment without owners" model in protecting investment decisions and reducing interpersonal conflict costs through the absolute separation of control and management. It also conceptualizes the universal dimension of commercial waqf as the oldest model of its kind, structurally aligning it with major sustainable industrial foundations and trusts in Northern Europe and America to protect critical mass capital from demographic fragmentation. Based on these insights, the study offers a set of practical recommendations, primarily urging large family business owners to adopt the Family Enterprise Sustainability Index (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>FESI</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ), guiding them to move past soft, non-binding solutions like oral constitutions in favor of a legally binding institutional architecture that insulates the firm’s corporate personality. Finally, it calls upon policymakers and legislators to develop legal environments that accommodate commercial endowments, thereby ensuring investment governance flexibility for trustees and protecting productive assets from the risks of judicial liquidation and fragmentation.
Family Enterprise Sustainability Index (FESI)
Conceptual Art: between Idea and Technique
This research explores the creative interactions between idea and technique in conceptual art. It aims to define conceptual art as a movement, encompassing both idea and technique, and to reveal the forms of interaction between these two elements in conceptual artworks. The research also addresses artistic and technical issues that may contribute to understanding the relationship between ideas and techniques within the field of postmodern concepts. The author discloses how idea and technique harmonized in a sample of conceptual works, and points to the reasons that make these works open to both intellectual and technical interpretation. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach followed by a comparative, interpretive, and conceptual methodology, considered the most suitable for a detailed analysis of the subject. It demonstrates various forms of interaction between idea and technique. The idea and technique may negate and simultaneously affirm each other, (as in the spiral water barrier). The idea may become the foundation of the technique (as in the work “One chair and three Chairs”). The idea may expand the scope of reality (as in “Hammering Man”), and both idea and technique may constitute a conceptual reality that does not yet exist (as in the work “Apotheosis of Homer”). The research concludes with several key points regarding the interaction between idea and technique. Most importantly, the diversity of techniques can contribute to giving a tangible character to the object depicted in the idea. The analyzed cases revealed that the idea becomes a prerequisite and a necessary condition for choosing the technique, controlling the presentation of the conceptual work, and understanding its meaning. Conceptual art formed through a hybrid technique that combines idea, form, and exhibition space. This hybridization is unlimited and unconditional, thus becoming the dominant principle of conceptual Art.
Motor Fitness Components and Basic Skills as a Function for Discriminating Between Female Volleyball Players
The study aimed to identify the most important motor fitness and technical skill variables that distinguish female volleyball players with high performance from those with low performance. It also sought to develop a discriminant function based on the combined motor fitness and skill variables for differentiating between high- and low-performing female volleyball players.The researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach. The research population consisted of first-division female youth volleyball players for the 2025 season, totaling 168 players. The research sample was selected purposively and included 69 players representing the following sports clubs: Qaraqosh Sports Club, Akad Ankawa Sports Club, Darbandikhan Sports Club, Aphrodite Sports Club, Solaf Sports Club, and North Oil Sports Club.To achieve the objectives of the study, the following tests were administered: seated two-handed overhead medicine ball throw (3 kg); standing long jump; 20-meter sprint test; numbered circles test; standing trunk flexion test; hand-throw accuracy test on overlapping rectangles; standing vertical jump; push-up test; Nelson reaction time test; T-test for agility; one-leg balance test with arms extended sideways and trunk rotation to the right and left for 15 seconds; volleyball serve accuracy test; movement speed test; repeated wall volley test (overhead passing) for 30 seconds; forearm pass (bump) reception accuracy test using thrown balls; repeated blocking test; and cross-court spike accuracy test.Appropriate statistical procedures were applied using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). based on the analysis, the researchers reached the following conclusions: The researchers reached the following conclusions: - A discriminant function based on the combined motor fitness and technical skill variables was developed. Three variables were identified as having the greatest discriminative ability between high- and low-performing female volleyball players: leg muscular power, spiking skill and explosive leg power. - The discriminant function was formulated as follows: Discriminant Function = (Leg Muscular Power × 1.197) + (Spiking Skill × 0.552) + (Explosive Arm Power × 0.109) − 14.142 The discriminant function successfully classified the female volleyball players in (the research sample) achieving an overall classification accuracy of 79.7%. Based on these findings, the researchers proposed a number of recommendations.
The Impact of Marital Discord on the Relationship between Spouses
This study aimed to identify the impact of marital distress on the relationship between spouses. The study adopted the descriptive survey approach and was conducted on a random sample of 104 male and female participants from the cities of Al-Ahsa, Al Khobar, and Dammam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument after its validity and reliability had been verified. The results showed that the mean score for the dimension of the early signs of marital distress was 2.03 with a standard deviation of 0.85, indicating a moderate to high level of agreement among the participants regarding the association between the early signs of marital distress and the decline in family adjustment, psychological well-being, and harmony between spouses. The mean score for the dimension of identifying patterns of marital distress was 1.55 with a standard deviation of 0.40, indicating that the patterns of marital distress among the participants tended to range from low to moderate. The mean score for the dimension of the effects of marital distress was 1.37 with a standard deviation of 0.72, indicating that the effects of marital distress on husbands and wives in the study sample were relatively low. In addition, the mean score for the dimension of the best methods for preventing marital distress was 2.10 with a standard deviation of 0.71, reflecting the participants' agreement on the importance of the proposed preventive methods in reducing marital distress. The findings also revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between marital distress and the quality of the relationship between spouses, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.41, indicating that as the level of marital distress increases, the quality of the marital relationship decreases. The study recommends paying greater attention to the early detection of indicators of marital distress, addressing it during its early stages, assessing its causes and consequences, and benefiting from evidence-based counseling programs and specialized centers to promote the quality of marital life.
The functional role of phonemes and morphemes in meaning construction
This research addresses the functional role of the phoneme and morpheme in constructing meaning within the Arabic linguistic system. The research aims to explore the mechanisms through which these minimal linguistic units contribute to shaping semantics and guiding communicative intentions, with a focus on the overlapping area known as the "morphophoneme." The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to dismantle the structure of the Arabic word, examining the distinctive functions of the phoneme (positively and negatively) through mechanisms of phonetic substitution and metathesis, alongside the morphological and syntactic functions of the morpheme. The research concludes that the phoneme and morpheme constitute the essential driving force for producing meaning, and that the bond between them is organic and inseparable, reflecting the ingenuity of the Arabic linguistic organization and its rigor in morphological adaptation and expressive economy.
The Effect of the Knowledge of Performance and Knowledge of Result Methods on Learning Offensive Skills in Basketball
The aim of this study was to identify the effect of using the Knowledge of Performance (KP) and Knowledge of Result (KR) methods on learning offensive basketball skills among students. It also sought to compare the post-test result between the first experimental group, which used the Knowledge of Performance method, and the second experimental group, which used the Knowledge of Result method in learning offensive basketball skills. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test result for both the first experimental group that used the Knowledge of Performance (KP) method and the second experimental group that used the Knowledge of Result (KR) method in learning offensive basketball skills. The researchers also hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the post-test results between the two experimental groups in the level of skill performance of offensive basketball skills. The experimental method was adopted due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research population was intentionally selected from second-grade intermediate school students at Al-Taghlub Intermediate School for Boys in Qaraqosh during the 2025–2026 academic year. The population consisted of 32 students distributed into two experimental groups. The research sample was selected using a purposive-random approach. Equivalence between the two groups was established in terms of physical fitness components, perceptual-motor abilities, and offensive basketball skills. The researchers used personal interviews, questionnaires, and tests as research tools for data collection. The following statistical methods were employed: mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, coefficient of variation, independent-samples t-test, and paired-samples t-test. The findings indicated that both educational programs, accompanied by the Knowledge of Performance and Knowledge of Result methods, had a positive effect on learning some offensive basketball skills among students in the two experimental groups, highlighting their importance in the learning process. However, the first experimental group, which used the Knowledge of Performance method, outperformed the second experimental group, which used the Knowledge of Results method, in learning and improving the technical performance of certain offensive basketball skills. The researchers recommended the use of both educational programs accompanied by the Knowledge of Performance and Knowledge of Result methods for teaching offensive basketball skills. They also emphasized the importance of focusing on the Knowledge of Performance method due to its positive and effective role in accelerating the learning of offensive basketball skills, particularly among students in the first experimental group.
The Blue Ocean Strategy and its Impact on Achieving Competitive Advantage through the Work Environment as an Intervening Variable
This study aimed to identify the adoption level of the Blue Ocean Strategy at the International University across its four dimensions (Elimination, Reduction, Raising, and Innovation) and to measure its impact on achieving competitive advantage through its dimensions (Cost, Flexibility, Quality, and Creativity). Additionally, the study explored the mediating role of the work environment in enhancing this relationship. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection from a stratified random sample. The results revealed that Innovation ranked first in terms of application level, followed by Raising and Reduction, while Elimination ranked last. Regarding competitive advantage, Quality achieved the first rank, followed by Creativity and Flexibility, with Cost ranking last. The findings indicated a significant direct positive effect of the Blue Ocean Strategy on competitive advantage, as well as a significant indirect positive effect through the work environment as a mediating variable. This highlights the critical importance of fostering the university's internal climate to maximize strategic returns and achieve sustainable competitive excellence.
The Relationship between Domain Analysis and Knowledge Maps in Knowledge Organization: An Analytical Study
This study aimed to identify the relationship between domain analysis and knowledge maps in knowledge organization by explaining the concept of domain analysis, its types, techniques, construction steps, and role in knowledge organization, as well as the concept of knowledge maps, their benefits, techniques, construction steps, and role in knowledge organization. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and content analysis for examining the relevant scholarly literature in order to extract the main concepts and develop a theoretical framework explaining the relationship between domain analysis and knowledge maps. The study found that domain analysis contributes to understanding the conceptual structure and semantic relationships within knowledge domains and that knowledge maps represent a supportive tool for representing these concepts and relationships within a visual or networked structure. The findings also revealed that the relationship between domain analysis and knowledge maps is complementary, based on the transition of knowledge from the stage of understanding and analysis to the stage of representation and organization, thereby supporting the semantic organization of knowledge and the development of ontologies and intelligent systems within knowledge organizations.
The Degree of Contribution of Networked Leadership to Leadership Competencies in Government Schools Implementing the Tamam Project in the Sultanate of Oman
The study aimed to examine the extent of the contribution of network leadership to leadership competencies in public schools implementing the Tamam Project in the Sultanate of Oman. A mixed-methods approach was employed, and the study instruments consisted of a questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaire was developed with (70) items distributed across two dimensions: network leadership and leadership competencies. It was administered to a sample of (282) male and female teachers. Additionally, interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of (15) participants, including teachers, program coordinators, and school principals. The findings revealed that the level of network leadership practice in public schools implementing the Tamam Project in Oman was very high, as was the level of leadership competencies. The results also indicated the presence of strong and positive correlational relationships between the dimensions of network leadership and leadership competencies. Furthermore, Multiple Linear Regression analysis showed that the dimensions of network leadership could predict approximately 78.2% of the variance in the quality of leadership competencies in these schools. In light of these findings, the researchers recommend continuing to strengthen the implementation of network leadership in Tamam Project schools.
Construction of International Football Player Transfers to the Saudi Pro-league in BBC Sport News: A Framing Approach to Media Discourse
This study examines how the international football player transfers to the Saudi Pro-league were framed in BBC Sport discourse during 2023. Drawing on a framing approach to discourse, thematic patterns, prominent social actors, and framing functions were investigated. The findings demonstrate that international football player transfers to the Saudi Pro-league were constructed through four main frames: Development and Change, Economic Investment, Sportswashing, and Threat and Danger. These frames are formed through the strategic allocation of voice to elite social actors, producing overlapping and sometimes contradictory evaluations of Saudi Arabia’s investment in football. The study reveals that framing operates as a dynamic and contested process, reflecting broader tensions in Western media representations of non-Western modernization projects. By aligning the findings with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and soft power strategies, the article extends media framing research beyond Western contexts and offers insights into how national sports initiatives are negotiated and interpreted in international media discourse.
Corruption Perceptions and Their Impact on Macroeconomic Performance in Iraq: Institutional Transmission Channels and ARDL Evidence from the Model (2010–2022)
The paper structurally analyzes the impact of perceived corruption on Iraq’s macroeconomic performance during the period 2010–2022. More specifically, it attempts to determine the elasticity of major macroeconomic variables exchange rate, inflation, and gross domestic product with respect to changes in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Annual time series data is used within an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework after checking stationarity through Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and bounds testing approach toward cointegration. Long-run equilibrium association between corruption and economic performance is found to be highly significant by this study. Administrative perception explains a substantial proportion of variation of GDP as well as 65% variation in exchange rate explained by perceptions on administration. There exists strong negative association where higher-level administrative type -corruption directly associates with declining GDP besides depreciation over local currency’s purchasing power. It found outcomes attributable to the dependency of the Iraqi economy on oil revenues and weak institutions in the country. Therefore, this study has assumed that transparency shall be improved and corruption reduced within public offices by implementing urgent policy interventions as a prerequisite for economic stability together with diversification of an economic base away from a rentier state model.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Enhancing the Instructional Methods Used by Teachers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Primary Schools in the Nazareth Region
The study aimed to investigate the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing the instructional methods used by teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder in primary schools in the Nazareth area. To achieve this aim, a simple random sample was drawn from the original population, consisting of 47 male and female teachers: 4 male teachers and 43 female teachers. A questionnaire was administered to them, designed according to a five-point Likert scale. Its items reflected the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods across four domains: (1) knowledge of the uses of artificial intelligence technologies, (2) the benefits of employing artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods, (3) the difficulties faced by teachers in using artificial intelligence technologies, and (4) the importance of training in the use of artificial intelligence technologies for improving teachers’ performance and professional development. The study data were analyzed using the descriptive and analytical approaches. The most important findings were as follows: - The overall mean score of the study sample on the questionnaire, which reflected the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing the instructional methods used by teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder in primary schools in the Nazareth area, was 3.32 out of 5 points, with a percentage of 66.4%, indicating a moderate level of estimation. - The mean scores of the four domains related to the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods were rated as high. However, the one-way analysis of variance for the repeated measure did not show statistically significant differences at the confidence level of α = 0.05 among these four domains. - The independent-samples t-test and the overall F-test did not show statistically significant differences regarding the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing teachers’ instructional methods in primary schools in the Nazareth area attributable to gender, years of teaching experience, academic qualification, academic specialization, training courses in special education, or training courses in digital technology and artificial intelligence. The exception was the first domain, related to knowledge of artificial intelligence technologies and their uses, where differences were found attributable to years of teaching experience, in favor of teachers with 5 to 9 years of experience. The results also showed statistically significant differences in the first domain attributable to the number of training courses in digital technology and artificial intelligence, indicating that receiving training courses in this field contributes to raising teachers’ level of knowledge of artificial intelligence technologies and their uses. Accordingly, it can be said that the demographic and professional variables did not produce substantial differences in the total degree of the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods, except for some limited differences that appeared in the domain of knowledge of artificial intelligence technologies, which were associated with years of teaching experience and the number of training courses in digital technology and artificial intelligence. Based on these findings, the two researchers recommended conducting further future studies that link the theoretical and practical knowledge of teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder regarding the use of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods in primary schools in the Nazareth area.
Teachers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
On Fine Rings and Their Relationship with Clean, Nil-Clean and Polynomial Ring Extensions
The structural characteristics of fine rings and their connections to polynomial rings, clean rings, and nil-clean rings are examined in this study. One important class that is closely connected to simple rings is fine rings, which are defined via decompositions involving units and nilpotent elements. We examine whether the fine property is preserved under polynomial extensions and show that, in general, polynomial rings fail to retain this property. Furthermore, we analyze the connections between fine, clean, and nil-clean rings, highlighting that while every fine is structurally rigid and linked to simplicity, clean and nil-clean rings exhibit more flexible behavior, especially in the presence of nilpotent elements. In particular, we study rings of the form Fq[x]/(xn), establishing conditions under which they are clean or nil-clean, and explaining why they are not fine. The results provide a clearer structural comparison between these classes and suggest directions for further research in decomposition theory and ring extensions.
The impact of automation on lawyers in the digital environment
The legal sector is undergoing a rapid transformation driven by automation and digital technologies. Some traditional legal tasks, such as contract drafting, document sorting, legal research, case management, and legal data analysis, can now be performed using smart systems and specialized software. The impact of automation is no longer limited to expediting procedures; it has extended to reshaping the role of the lawyer, the nature of the relationship between the lawyer and the client, and the limits of professional responsibility when using technological tools. This research discusses the impact of automation on lawyers in the digital environment. It examines the concept of legal automation, its practical applications, advantages, and professional and ethical challenges, focusing on the Saudi legal environment, particularly regarding client data confidentiality, personal data protection, and restricting the provision of legal services to licensed professionals. The research concludes that automation does not eliminate the role of the lawyer, but rather redefines it. The modern lawyer is no longer merely an executor of traditional procedures; they are now required to understand technology, manage its risks, and utilize it in a way that preserves their professional independence, the rights of their clients, and the quality of legal services.
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and working memory: a correlational study at Hassan II University Hospital in Fez
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction, resulting in intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. These disturbances are likely to alter cognitive processes, in particular the various components of working memory. Objective: To study the relationship between the severity of OSA, defined by the type of apnea (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI), and the performance of the various components of the working memory according to the Baddeley model: phonological loop, visual-spatial notebook and central administrator. Methods: Cross-sectional correlational study conducted at the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez. The population includes adult patients followed by a somnology consultation, diagnosed by polysomnography. The memory assessment is based on the phonological loop (direct empan, WAIS-III), the visual-spatial notebook (Corsi blocks, MEM-III) and the central administrator (verbal and spatial empan, WAIS-III/MEM-III). The statistical analyses were carried out with the SPSS software. Results: The correlations reveal a strong link between the type of apnea and the phonological loop (r = 0.031; p = 0.8), a weak link with the visual-spatial notebook (r = 0.1; p = 0.1), and a strong and negative link with the central administrator, tested both via the verbal empanel (r = 0.03; p = 0.9) than spatial (r = -0.02; p = 0.8). This last negative correlation indicates that as the severity of apnea increases, the performance of the central administrator decreases. Conclusion: The SAHOS affects differentially the components of the working memory, with a selective and marked vulnerability of the central administrator. These results confirm the hypothesis of a preferential fragility of the executive processes and underline the need for a systematic neuropsychological evaluation in the management of apneic patients.
The principle of the independence of the arbitration clause in the Saudi system: a comparative applied study
The principle of the independence of the arbitration clause means that the arbitration clause included in a contract is considered an agreement independent of the original contract, despite being linked to it. Accordingly, the invalidity, rescission, or termination of the contract does not automatically invalidate the arbitration clause unless the defect pertains to the clause itself. This principle aims to protect the parties' will to resort to arbitration as a means of dispute resolution and to prevent any party from evading arbitration by challenging the original contract. The Saudi legal system has adopted this principle in line with modern international trends in arbitration, thereby enhancing the stability of commercial transactions and increasing confidence in the investment environment. This study examines judicial and arbitration applications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, comparing them with international legislation, regulations, and comparative laws to highlight points of agreement and difference, and the effectiveness of the principle in guaranteeing the independence of the arbitration process.
The impact of adhering to public service ethics on protecting public order and its two aspects: An analytical study in the Saudi legal system
Public service ethics constitute a fundamental pillar for ensuring the efficiency of public facilities and strengthening public trust in governmental institutions. This study aims to examine the impact of adherence to public service ethics on protecting public facilities and enhancing beneficiaries’ trust in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through an analytical review of the legal framework governing public employees’ conduct. The study analyzes the relevant regulations and legislation, including the Basic Law of Governance, the Civil Service Law, the Anti-Corruption Law, and the Code of Conduct and Ethics of Public Service, while also highlighting the role of oversight bodies and digital transformation in promoting integrity and transparency. The study concludes that public service ethics have evolved from merely moral obligations into binding legal duties that contribute to improving governmental performance, protecting public funds, and reducing administrative corruption. The findings reveal a direct relationship between adherence to ethical principles—such as integrity, impartiality, transparency, and avoidance of conflicts of interest—and the enhancement of service quality and beneficiaries’ trust. The study further emphasizes that the effectiveness of regulatory and legislative frameworks depends on promoting a culture of integrity and ethical awareness within the public sector, in line with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030 in strengthening governance, transparency, and public sector efficiency.
Guarantee contract: its types and effects in the Saudi system
This research aims to highlight the "guarantee" contract as one of the most important credit documentation contracts in the Saudi legal system, in light of the modern provisions established by the Civil Transactions Law issued by Royal Decree No. (M/191) dated 1444 AH. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the Sharia and legal provisions governing this contract, beginning with the definition and legitimacy of guarantee, then outlining its essential elements and valid conditions, and its main types (financial guarantee and personal guarantee), culminating in an analysis of its legal effects on the contracting parties and the circumstances of its termination and lapse. The research reached several key conclusions, most notably: that the Saudi legislator has achieved a fair legislative balance that protects the rights of the creditor on the one hand, and safeguards the guarantor's liability from abuse on the other, through the establishment of precise legal controls such as the "right of search" (the obligation to first pursue the assets of the original debtor unless the guarantee is joint and several), and the guarantor's right to uphold the defenses of the original debtor. In light of this, the research recommended that individuals be aware of the financial solvency of the person they are guaranteeing before signing a guarantee contract, and that they be fully familiar with the legal terms stipulated in the contract to avoid unforeseen financial and legal consequences. It also recommended continued applied studies of guarantee provisions in light of recent judicial interpretations.
Melha Abdullah's the Libero: A Psychoanalytic Reading
Melha Abdullah is a prominent Saudi playwright and critic. Her dramatic work engages profoundly with moral, social, and cultural issues, addressing themes such as oppression, marginalization, and human struggle within restrictive environments. Although her works have attracted widespread global attention, underscoring Abdullah's role in developing Saudi theatre, feminist discourse, and audience engagement, few studies have examined her significant play, The Libero. Drawing on the psychoanalytic approach and Jung's concepts of the persona and the shadow, this study investigates how societal pressure and moral corruption contribute to psychological fragmentation. The analysis centres on the protagonist, focusing on his internal conflict and divided sense of self. This study argues that over-identification with the persona and the continued repression of the shadow lead to aggressive responses embodied in the monster Bakeleto. The findings indicate that the protagonist’s transformation represents the breakdown of the social persona under excessive moral and social strain. This collapse enables the emergence of the shadow as a psychological strategy of resistance and survival. This study offers a psychoanalytic reading of The Libero, illuminating the inner dimensions of dramatic characters in modern Saudi theatre.
The impact of force majeure and unforeseen circumstances on contracts
This research aims to study the impact of force majeure and unforeseen circumstances on contracts under the Saudi legal system, in light of recent economic and social developments and the exceptional crises that have affected the performance of contractual obligations worldwide. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine relevant legal texts, Islamic jurisprudence principles, and judicial applications. The research reached several important findings, most notably: Force majeure leads to the absolute impossibility of performing contractual obligations, resulting in the termination of the obligation or rescission of the contract, whereas unforeseen circumstances merely make performance onerous, justifying judicial intervention to restore contractual balance. The research also confirmed that the Saudi legal system - particularly the Civil Transactions Law issued in 1444 AH - has achieved a precise balance between the principle of "pacta sunt servanda" (the contract is the law of the parties) and the principle of justice by taking into account exceptional circumstances. The research based its analysis on foundational Sharia principles such as "no harm and no reciprocating harm" (la darar wa la dirar), "hardship begets facility" (al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir), and "harm must be eliminated", illustrating the role of Saudi courts in applying these principles, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research recommended the need to enhance legal texts, include explicit clauses in contracts to deal with exceptional circumstances, and promote a culture of renegotiation between parties.
The Effectiveness of the School Administration to Apply the Digital Educational Platforms from the Teachers’ Point of View at Sohar
The current study aims to investigate the effectiveness of school administration in utilizing educational platforms from the perspective of female teachers in the Wilayat of Sohar. A descriptive research method was applied, as it aligns with the nature and objectives of the study. The study sample consisted of 250 female teachers from Sohar randomly during the second semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. To collect data, a google form questionnaire was created that comprised two main dimensions: the first focused on the effectiveness of school administration in planning for the use of digital educational platforms, and the second addressed the effectiveness of school administration in monitoring and regulating teaching and learning processes. The study tool included 30 items, and reliability analysis showed a high internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.955. The findings showed that the effectiveness of school administration in utilizing educational platforms, from the perspective of female teachers in Sohar, was rated as high. Furthermore, the findings revealed no statistically significant differences at the α ≤ 0.05 level attributable to the variables of educational cycle or years of experience. Based on these results, the study recommends enhancing the role of school administration by developing their digital and administrative skills related to the integration of technology in the educational process. It also emphasizes the importance of providing ongoing training programs for administrators and teachers to strengthen their capabilities in effectively using educational platforms. Additionally, the study highlights the need to improve the technical infrastructure within schools to create an environment conducive to seamless technology integration. The study also suggests conducting future research that includes other Wilayats and educational levels, with a particular focus on evaluating the impact of digital platform utilization on students’ academic achievement and performance.
The Impact of the Principle of Good Faith on the Performance of Civil Contracts under Saudi Law: A Comparative Study with Islamic Jurisprudence
The principle of good faith is a fundamental principle of modern contractual relations. It aims to achieve contractual justice and balance between contracting parties by obligating them to honesty, integrity, and cooperation in fulfilling their contractual obligations. The importance of this principle is increasing in light of the rapid development of civil transactions and the growing complexity of contractual relationships. This necessitates legal protection to prevent the abuse of rights and ensure stability in transactions. The problem addressed in this study is the effectiveness of the principle of good faith in the execution of civil contracts within the Saudi legal system, the extent to which its regulatory framework aligns with the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence, and its legal implications in addressing breaches of contractual obligations. The study aims to analyze the concept of good faith and its legal and Sharia foundations, demonstrate its applications during contract execution, and reveal the legal consequences of violating it. It also examines recent judicial trends in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia related to this principle. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing the regulatory texts contained in the Saudi Civil Transactions Law, in addition to a comparative approach to identify points of agreement and disagreement between the Saudi system and Islamic jurisprudence. Modern judicial applications were also utilized to highlight the practical applications of the principle. The study concluded that the principle of good faith constitutes a governing rule for the execution of civil contracts in the Saudi system, and that its foundation is derived from the provisions of Islamic Sharia, which emphasizes fulfilling contracts and prohibits fraud, deception, and harming others. It also showed that the Saudi Civil Transactions Law has strengthened the scope of application of this principle, making it a standard for interpreting and executing contractual obligations. Furthermore, the Saudi judiciary has moved towards enshrining its practical effects by protecting the party acting in good faith, preventing the abuse of rights, and establishing compensation when harm results from bad faith. The study recommended the necessity of developing judicial applications related to the principle of good faith, enhancing legal awareness of its importance in contractual relationships, and conducting further applied studies on its role in modern contracts and electronic contracts. This would contribute to strengthening contractual security, achieving justice, and ensuring the stability of transactions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The Impact of Real Property Title Registration on the Protection of Real Rights under the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical Study in Light of the Saudi Civil Transactions Law and Recent Judicial Applications
This study addresses the topic of "The Impact of Real Estate Registration on the Protection of Real Rights in the Saudi System: An Analytical Study in Light of the Saudi Civil Transactions Law and Modern Judicial Applications," considering it one of the most significant legislative transformations witnessed by real estate regulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study's importance stems from the role of real estate registration in enhancing the stability of real estate ownership, protecting real rights, and achieving legal certainty in real estate transactions, aligning with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030, which aims to develop and improve the efficiency of the real estate sector. The study aimed to clarify the legal nature of real estate registration, analyze its regulatory basis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and demonstrate its contribution to protecting real rights and stabilizing real estate ownership. It also examined the legal validity of registration in the real estate registry and its legal implications for third parties, and analyzed the trends in Saudi jurisprudence regarding real estate disputes related to real estate registration. Furthermore, the study sought to identify the most prominent practical problems that may arise from discrepancies between the data recorded in the real estate registry and the actual state of ownership. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by inductive and comparative methods as required by the nature of the research. This was achieved through an analysis of relevant legal texts pertaining to the Real Estate Registration System and the Saudi Civil Transactions Law, and by examining recent judicial applications related to the legal validity of the real estate register and the protection of real property rights. The study concluded that the Real Estate Registration System is an effective legal tool for enhancing the protection of real property rights and ensuring the stability of real estate transactions. This is accomplished by granting real estate registration strong evidentiary weight in proving and asserting ownership against third parties, and by reducing disputes related to ownership. The study also demonstrated that the Saudi judiciary is moving towards strengthening confidence in the real estate register while safeguarding rights acquired prior to registration. The study recommended developing the legislative and procedural framework for real estate registration, enhancing its integration with the Civil Transactions Law, and unifying relevant judicial principles. This would contribute to raising the level of real estate security, supporting investment, and achieving sustainable development.
The Rights of the Mortgagee Creditor and Their Effects Against Third Parties under the Saudi Registered Real Estate Mortgage Law
This study addresses the topic of "The Rights of the Mortgagee and Their Effects Against Third Parties According to the Saudi Registered Mortgage Law." This is a highly significant legal topic given the increasing expansion of real estate financing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the associated need for effective legal guarantees to protect creditors' rights and ensure stability in real estate and credit transactions. The study aims to clarify the nature and legal character of mortgages, analyze the rights granted to mortgagees, primarily the right of priority and the right of pursuit, and explain the impact of mortgage registration on its enforceability against third parties and the ranking of creditors. It also examines the rights of the possessor of the mortgaged property, the reasons for mortgage termination, and its legal consequences. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing and analyzing the regulatory texts governing mortgages in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and linking them to practical applications and relevant legal jurisprudence. The study reached several conclusions, most notably that mortgages are among the most prominent forms of real security that support real estate credit and achieve a balance between the interests of the mortgagee and the mortgagor. It also found that registering a mortgage is a fundamental requirement for its enforceability against third parties and for ensuring legal transparency. Furthermore, the study emphasized that the right of priority and the right of pursuit constitute the most important guarantees granted to the mortgagee, as they allow them priority in recovering their debt from the proceeds of the mortgaged property and in tracking the property regardless of who acquires it. The study also demonstrated that the Saudi legal system is committed to achieving a balance between protecting the rights of the mortgagee and protecting bona fide third parties by regulating registration and enforcement procedures and clarifying the rights of the holder of the mortgaged property. The study concluded that the Saudi legal system is careful to achieve a balance between protecting the rights of the mortgagee and protecting bona fide third parties by regulating registration and enforcement procedures and outlining the rights of the holder of the mortgaged property. The study recommended enhancing legal awareness of mortgage provisions, developing electronic registration and enforcement procedures, standardizing judicial principles related to mortgages, and supporting specialized legal studies in this field. This would contribute to strengthening real estate and credit stability and achieving the goals of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.
Official Mortgage as an In-Kind Guarantee for Debt Settlement in the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical Applied Study
This research examines the official mortgage (al-Rahn al-Rasmi) as the most powerful form of in-kind guarantee within the framework of the Saudi Civil Transactions System, issued by Royal Decree No. (M/191) of 1443 AH. The significance of this study stems from the pivotal role played by the official mortgage in securing credit and facilitating financing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research adopts an analytical-deductive methodology in analyzing the regulatory texts, supported by an applied approach. It is structured into three main sections: the first addresses the nature of guarantees and the place of the official mortgage among them; the second examines the conditions for the formation of the official mortgage and its effects; and the third covers the enforcement of the mortgage, debt satisfaction, and established legal principles. The research concludes that the official mortgage is a formal accessory contract that is not enforceable against third parties except through registration, and that the mortgagee has no right to directly possess the mortgaged property but must satisfy his right through a public auction sale under the Enforcement System. This balance protects the creditor's rights while safeguarding those of the debtor and other creditors. The research recommends simplifying registration procedures electronically and publishing guiding judicial principles in mortgage and enforcement disputes.
Using binary logistic regression to identify the most important factors affecting the incidence of diabetes during the year 2025
The study aimed to identify the most important factors affecting the incidence of diabetes during the year 2025. Binary logistic regression was used to explain the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables, and the maximum likelihood estimation method was used to estimate the parameters of the logistic model through data representing a group of diabetic patients aged from one month to 19 years obtained from the records of the Diabetes Hospital in Al-Khums City for the year 2025 AD. The study concluded that the logistic discrimination model is appropriate in studying the factors affecting diabetes and it was found that the estimated parameters of the logistic model are significant. It was also found that the variables (weight and age) are influential in the dependent variable, which represents the condition of the person infected or not infected, and that the rest of the variables have no effect, and that the overall percentage of correct classification for the accuracy of prediction of the dependent variable based on the estimated model is (71.3).
Constitutional legitimacy - the principle of the presumption of innocence for the accused in the Code of Criminal Procedure
The legal system, as a set of rules governing individual conduct, is the responsibility of the state to impose penalties and punishments on those who violate these rules. This is done to preserve the integrity, security, and stability of society, guarantee public interests, and protect individual freedoms. The penal code focuses on addressing all matters necessary for the proper functioning of social life, ensuring rights and freedoms, and preventing any individual from infringing upon those rights. However, the accused has the right to defend themselves. Criminal law does not permit the deprivation of the accused's freedom and rights, and it also protects the public interest. The principle of the presumption of innocence in criminal law is a fundamental guarantee of procedural legality. The importance of this principle is evident when taking criminal actions that affect personal freedom and when managing criminal evidence. It is a legal safeguard that the legislator must consider when defining criminal procedures to prevent the infringement of rights and freedoms. Due to its strong connection to personal freedom, this principle covers all stages of criminal proceedings, leading to outcomes that benefit the accused.