The International Journal for Scientific Research
The International Journal for Scientific Research (IJSR) comes as a specialized and refereed journal as an extension of the journals published by the publishing house “Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing” located in London, United Kingdom, which is managed by academics with long scientific expertise. The journal is interested in publishing scientific research that have originality, modernity, and scientific methodology, which constitute a scientific addition in all disciplines and sciences in both Arabic and English. The research published in the journal is subject to an arbitration process by a group of specialized academic professors from many countries of the world. The journal is also responsible for indexing and archiving Arab scientific and knowledge production in major international scientific databases. ISSN 2755-3418 (Online) Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.issn.2755-3418
Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing
The effectiveness of a proposed psychological training program based on attentional control in the development of some offensive skills among the players of the Qaraqosh Sports Basketball Club the junior category
The aim of the current research is to build a proposed psychological training program based on attentional control for the players of the Qaraqosh Sports Basketball Club in the junior category. Detection of differences between the two groups (experimental and control) in certain offensive skills in basketball in the dimensional test. The researcher used the experimental method to suit it and the nature of the research problem, and the research community consisted of the players of the Qaraqosh Sports Basketball Club, the junior category of (17) players, the club was chosen randomly, The female players were also divided into two experimental and control groups and also by random method, and they were divided into (6) female experimental group and (6) female control group, and (5) female players were excluded because they were used as a sample to conduct the exploratory experiment, The program consisted of (18) psychological training sessions and an exploratory experiment was conducted for offensive skills and for the program, the program took a month and a half with (3) psychological training sessions per week, and the pre-and post-sample testing was conducted to find out the impact of the independent variable in the development of offensive skills among the players, The researcher concluded that the experimental group that underwent the psychological training program showed a significant improvement in their offensive skills, while the control group did not show a good improvement. The researcher recommends the adoption of the proposed psychological training program based on attentional control in the training units for female junior basketball players.
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Environmental Assessment of Heavy Metals in New and Used Engine Oils: A Case Study from Benghazi, Libya
The presence of heavy metals in lubricating engine oils is a critical factor in assessing engine performance, lubricant degradation, and potential environmental impacts. This study investigated the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Fe) in both new and used engine oils using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS (Engine oil samples of different brands were collected from vehicles in Benghazi, Libya, and analyzed to determine the concentrations of selected heavy metals and assess changes in physicochemical properties, including viscosity, flash point, density, and total base number. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations were substantially higher in used oils than in new oils. Lead (Pb) concentrations increased from nearly undetectable levels in new oils to over 70 mg/kg in used oils. Similarly, chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) showed increases of more than 90% in used samples compared to new ones. These increases reflect mechanical wear, additive degradation, and contamination during engine operation. The study also highlighted marked changes in physicochemical properties between new and used oils, including decreased viscosity index, reduced flash point, and reduced sulfated ash content. Such findings confirm the diagnostic value of oil analysis for preventive maintenance, while also underlining the environmental hazards posed by improper disposal of used lubricants. This work emphasizes the urgent need for strict regulations and sustainable waste management practices in Libya and globally. Furthermore, the integration of more advanced analytical techniques, such as ICP-OES and ICP-MS, is recommended for enhanced detection accuracy in future research.
A Psycholinguistic Study of Emoji as Digital Affective Tools: Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Impacts on Iraqi EFL Undergraduate Students
Digital communication lacks non-verbal cues, creating an "affective gap". These cues exclude essential nonverbal signals like voice tone and facial expressions, which frequently leads to unclear messages in online interactions Emojis have emerged to fill this gap. Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) lacks the paralinguistic cues present in face-to-face interaction. This study investigates how Iraqi university students compensate for this absence using emoji on WhatsApp. Drawing on 200 WhatsApp message screenshots, this research employs an integrated theoretical framework combining Social Information Processing Theory (Walther,1992), Dresner and Herring’s Functional Model (2010), and Affective Regulation Theory (Gross,1998). The findings reveal that 41% of messages used compensatory tools. Of the 65 messages containing emoji, 58.5% served a cognitive function to disambiguate meaning, 32.3% served a social function to manage relationships, and 16.9% served an emotional function to express affect. The study concludes that for Iraqi students, emoji functions as a "Digital Affective Regulator" that simultaneously regulates cognition, social relations, and emotion. This positions emoji as a grammatically integrated component of digital language processing rather than mere decoration (Clark,1995).
The Impact of Supply Chain Digitalization on Competitive Advantage: An Applied Study on Maersk Company in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
This study examines the impact of supply chain digitalization on competitive advantage at Maersk Company in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Digitalization is operationalized through two measurable dimensions: internal functional integration supported by Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, and inter-organizational information sharing supported by Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled connectivity. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a structured questionnaire built on a five-point Likert scale, administered to employees of the target company; 66 valid responses were obtained. The instrument recorded a Cronbach's alpha of 0.933 across its 20 items, indicating a high level of internal consistency. Descriptive results showed a very high level of both digitalization dimensions, with the ERP-supported integration dimension recording a mean of 4.38 and the IoT-supported information-sharing dimension recording a mean of 4.26. The competitive advantage constructed recorded a mean of 4.24, with indicators describing organizational capabilities and practices ranking above indicators describing end outcomes such as market share, operating cost, and entry into new markets. Analysis of response dispersion revealed a systematic pattern: variance was consistently lower on items concerning internal integration and higher on items concerning the actual mechanics of information exchange with external partners, suggesting that the willingness to cooperate is more uniform than the regularity of its execution. Simple linear regression revealed a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between the combined digitalization construct and competitive advantage, with a correlation coefficient of 0.757 and a coefficient of determination of 0.574, indicating that supply chain digitalization explains approximately 57.4% of the variance in competitive advantage, F(1,64) = 86.128, p = 0.001. The study is theoretically anchored in the Resource-Based View and the dynamic capabilities perspective, which together explain why returns on digital investment depend not on the technology itself but on the organizational routines built around it. The paper concludes with practical recommendations concerning system integration, partner-maturity segmentation, data governance, and human capability development, and candidly discusses the measurement and design limitations that bound the generalizability of its findings.
The Royal Advisor in Morocco -Royal Trust and National Expertise in the Service of the State: A Study in Public Law and Political Sociology of Advisory Influence and the Limits of Legal Competence
This study examines the legal status and sociological position of the royal adviser in Morocco, tracing the genealogy of counsel within the Moroccan system of government, its gradual institutionalization within the Royal Cabinet, and its position under the 2011 Constitution. It tests the hypothesis that the adviser’s institutional strength does not constitute a parallel constitutional competence, but rather a form of influence derived from royal trust, national expertise, and the capacity to produce knowledge for decision-making. Combining historical inquiry, comparative public law, and the political sociology of executive entourages, the study distinguishes between legal status, legal competence, royal assignment, political influence, and institutional control. It also examines the diverse professional trajectories of the advisers serving under King Mohammed VI and considers the career of Fouad Ali El Himma as a case study through which to test the distinction between accumulated institutional experience and allegations of legally unsupported authority. The study concludes that the metaphor of a “shadow government” is analytically inadequate. The verified evidence does not establish the existence of a parallel executive body endowed with autonomous powers. It reveals, instead, a strong royal advisory entourage whose effectiveness rests on institutional loyalty, royal trust, accumulated expertise, and a sustained commitment to the service of the Moroccan State.
Designing Instructional Units from Pre-Islamic Prose for Non-Native Speakers of Arabic: A Descriptive Applied Study
This research aims to develop an applied model for designing pre-Islamic prose learning units for non-Arabic speakers, based on the characteristics of ancient literary texts and the requirements for teaching them as linguistic, literary, and cultural material simultaneously. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach to present the concept of pre-Islamic prose and its most prominent forms and characteristics, and an applied approach to reorganize two classical texts into two educational formats: the sermon of Quss ibn Sa'idah al-Iyadi and the will of Dhu al-Isba' al-Adwani to his son. The two units are structured progressively, beginning with an introduction and context, followed by the text itself, vocabulary within its context, general and detailed comprehension, stylistic and rhetorical analysis, linguistic and communicative activities, and assessment. The application demonstrates that ancient prose texts can be transformed from difficult historical material into a progressive learning experience when careful text selection is maintained, their linguistic density is controlled, vocabulary is linked to meaning, rhetorical appreciation is guided towards its function in discourse, and tasks are diversified between comprehension, analysis, and production. The model also reveals that sermons and testaments allow learners to practice reading, understand argumentative structures, internalize cultural values, and use vocabulary and grammatical structures in new situations. The study does not claim to experimentally measure the effectiveness of these two units, but rather presents an instructional design that can be experimented with and developed for use in Arabic language programs for non-native speakers.
Improving Job Performance through the Total Quality Management Approach: An Analytical Study in the Babil Education Directorate
This research aims to demonstrate the impact of implementing the dimensions of Total Quality Management (TQM) by surveying the perspectives of a sample of employees in the Babil Education Directorate. The goal is to identify the factors, strategies, and mechanisms that will achieve and enhance long-term job performance and maintain success in a competitive environment. The main objective of the research is to understand the role of the dimensions of TQM implementation (continuous improvement, employee participation, senior management support, and customer focus) in enhancing the job performance within the Babil Education Directorate. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed descriptive and analytical methodologies to analyze the research model and hypotheses and determine the logical relationships among the research variables. The research considers the dimensions of TQM as an independent variable that influences the job performance enhancement, while the dimensions of TQM are considered as a dependent variable. A questionnaire was used as one of the data collection tools. The questionnaire consisted of several sections: The first section included personal data for the research sample, while the second section included specific items. The study comprised the independent variable and sub-variables, with the first part comprising (20) items. The third part addressed the dependent variable, which involved (10) items. Based on this, A set of statistical methods was employed to test the hypotheses related to the study. These methods included (frequencies, arithmetic means, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, simple regression coefficient, and coefficient of determination). One of the most important conclusions reached by the study is that the dimensions of Total Quality Management (continuous improvement, employee engagement, top management support, and customer focus) have a statistically significant correlation and a significant impact on enhancing the job performance in the organization under study. Finally, the research recommended instilling a strong awareness and conviction between the senior management and the employees at all administrative and technical levels regarding the importance of implementing the dimensions of Total Quality Management (TQM) in a comprehensive and purposeful manner. This is crucial because it has a significant impact on improving employee performance. The research also emphasized the need to prioritize the application of all TQM dimensions, focusing on those most critical and influential on job performance effectiveness. This should be done without neglecting other dimensions; all administrative, operational, and technical aspects of TQM within the organization should be viewed holistically. Even if the implementation of this concept is gradual, it must be planned to culminate in a comprehensive and organized model that achieves its intended results.
The impact of operational risk management on reducing accidents in Saudi petrochemical companies: A field study
This study aimed to identify the impact of operational risks, with their dimensions (process and procedure risks, human resource risks, systems and technology risks, and external event risks), on the reduction of industrial accidents in Saudi petrochemical companies. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical method, whereby a questionnaire consisting of twenty-eight items distributed across the study variables was developed and administered to a stratified random sample of (340) respondents working in the departments of safety, risk management, operations, maintenance, and quality in a number of Saudi petrochemical companies. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified with high coefficients, as the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire as a whole reached (0.928). The data were then analyzed using the SPSS software through descriptive analysis, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression techniques. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant impact at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) of operational risks with their combined dimensions on the reduction of industrial accidents, as these dimensions explained (71.7%) of the variance in the dependent variable. Human resource risks ranked first among the influential dimensions, followed by systems and technology risks, then process and procedure risks, and finally external event risks. The study recommended enhancing investment in human resource development, consolidating the safety culture, linking the safety system to performance indicators, developing the technical infrastructure of early warning systems, adopting internationally recognized standards in occupational safety management, and developing emergency plans to accommodate low-probability, high-impact scenarios.
The Degree of Practicing Organizational Immunity Dimensions in Government Secondary Schools in Jeddah City: An Applied Study on Female Teachers in Government Secondary Schools in Jeddah City
This study aimed to identify the degree of practicing organizational immunity dimensions in government secondary schools in Jeddah City from the perspectives of female teachers, as well as to examine whether there were statistically significant differences attributable to the variables of educational qualification and years of experience. The study employed a descriptive survey approach and used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of (355) female teachers working in government secondary schools in Jeddah City. The study instrument consisted of five dimensions of organizational immunity: organizational memory, organizational learning, organizational genes, specialized organizational immunity, and peripheral organizational immunity. The findings revealed that the degree of practicing organizational immunity dimensions was “very high,” with an overall mean score of (4.196). The dimension of organizational learning ranked first, followed by organizational genes, peripheral organizational immunity, specialized organizational immunity, and finally organizational memory. The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) attributable to the variables of educational qualification and years of experience. Considering the findings, the study recommended the need to enhance organizational learning practices, develop the technological infrastructure supporting organizational memory, activate the role of specialized committees and units within schools, and strengthen community partnerships in ways that contribute to enhancing organizational immunity and achieving institutional stability in government secondary schools in Jeddah City.
The impact of energy management on reducing operating costs in Yanbu petrochemical plants: A field study
This study aimed to measure the impact of energy management with its dimensions (energy planning, monitoring and control systems, preventive maintenance of equipment) on reducing operational costs in petrochemical factories in Yanbu Industrial City. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, where a questionnaire consisting of (22) items was designed and distributed to a stratified random sample of (202) respondents from employees at managerial, supervisory, and technical levels involved in energy management, operations, and maintenance in five petrochemical factories. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression analysis. The results revealed that the level of energy management practices was high with a mean of (3.46), and that all dimensions of energy management have a statistically significant impact at the level (α ≤ 0.05) on reducing operational costs. The combined dimensions of energy management explained (54.9%) of the variance in reducing operational costs. The monitoring and control systems dimension ranked first in terms of impact, followed by energy planning, then preventive maintenance of equipment. The study recommended enhancing investment in smart monitoring systems, developing measurable energy performance indicators, adopting predictive analysis techniques in preventive maintenance, and pursuing ISO 50001 certification to ensure the sustainability of improvement efforts.
The role of risk management in improving organizational performance: A field study on private companies in Dammam
This study aimed to identify the impact of risk management with its dimensions (risk identification, risk assessment, risk treatment, risk monitoring) on improving the performance of private companies in Dammam city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach and used the questionnaire as the main tool for collecting field data from the study sample members. The study population consisted of employees in private companies in Dammam city, and a stratified random sample of (398) participants was selected from employees at various administrative levels, representing the industrial, commercial, contracting, services, and technology sectors. The study reached several results, most notably the existence of a statistically significant impact at the significance level (α≤0.05) of risk management with its combined dimensions on improving institutional performance, as the dimensions of risk management explained (71.8%) of the variance in improving institutional performance. It was also found that the “risk assessment” dimension is the most influential, followed by “risk treatment”, then “risk monitoring”, and finally “risk identification”. The results showed statistically significant differences in respondents’ perceptions attributed to variables of age, educational qualification, years of experience, and job level, while no differences were attributed to the gender variable. The study recommended that private companies in Dammam should adopt integrated risk management systems, establish specialized organizational units for this purpose, employ modern technologies such as artificial intelligence to enhance risk management capabilities, and establish a risk management culture throughout the entire organization.
Spatial analysis of urban expansion and vegetation cover in Al-Bukairiyah Governorate using Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing techniques
This study aims to analyze the spatial change of urban expansion and vegetation cover in Al-Bukayriyah Governorate during the period (2015–2025), using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing techniques, in order to reveal the nature of transformations in land use and the interactive relationship between urban growth and vegetation cover change. The importance of the study comes within the framework of supporting the directions of Saudi Vision 2030 toward achieving sustainable urban development that preserves environmental resources and supports quality of life. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach and the spatial analysis approach through processing Landsat 8 satellite imagery extracted via Google Earth Engine, with the employment of ArcGIS Pro software to conduct spatial analysis processes and produce thematic maps. NDVI and NDBI indices were also used to monitor changes in vegetation cover and urban expansion across different time periods. The results showed the existence of clear spatial changes in land uses, as the urban area increased from about (18.3 km²) in 2015 to (25.1 km²) in 2025, while the vegetation cover area decreased from (49.9 km²) to (23.3 km²) during the same period, with an annual loss rate estimated at about (2.6 km²/year). The results also showed the existence of a direct inverse relationship between urban expansion and vegetation cover, represented by the increase in NDBI values versus the decrease in NDVI values. The study also explained that vegetation cover is concentrated in the eastern sector of the governorate, while dry and semi-desert lands prevail in the western parts, reflecting the impact of natural variation and human activities in shaping the spatial patterns of land uses. The study demonstrated the possibility of employing Remote Sensing and GIS techniques in monitoring spatial changes with high accuracy and supporting spatial analysis and decision-making processes. The study concluded that Al-Bukayriyah Governorate witnessed clear spatial transformations during the study period between urban expansion and vegetation cover decline, with the continued semi-agricultural and semi-desert character of the governorate, which calls for strengthening sustainable planning policies and protecting environmental resources.
Effects of Real Estate Purging in Saudi Law: An Analytical Comparative Study
This study examines the principle of real estate purging in the Saudi legal system through doctrinal, analytical, and comparative approaches. It concludes that an auction award prevents prior claims from being enforced against the property in the hands of the successful bidder, while personal claims remain enforceable and secured rights generally attach to the sale proceeds. The study distinguishes purging resulting from an auction award from the possessor’s pre-sale right to purge a registered mortgage. It recommends clarifying the applicable rules, standardizing auction award decisions, and strengthening integration with the real estate registry.
Free Vibration of Isotropic Material Euler-Bernoulli Beam Resting on Pasternak Foundation
In this paper, free vibration of isotropic material Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on Pasternak foundation is considered. The governing equations of motion for isotropic beam are derived based on energy method, and Hamilton's principle. These equations are solved using Navier's method for simply support boundary condition. The effect of spring constant (Kw), shear constant (KG) and longitudinal wave number (m) on natural frequency (axial natural frequency and bending natural frequency) is considered. A validation is made with previous similar researches in the literature to check the accuracy of the present study. Natural frequencies are computed for various values of the parameters mentioned using MATLAB program. The beam is considered to be made of steel.
The Role of Green Finance in Mitigating the Financial and Economic Impacts of Geopolitical Tensions: An Analytical Study of the Repercussions of the US-Iranian Escalation on the Lebanese Economy
This study aims to analyze the role of green finance in mitigating the financial and economic impacts of geopolitical tensions through an analytical examination of the repercussions of the U.S.–Iran escalation on the Lebanese economy. The study is based on the hypothesis that green finance represents a modern financial instrument capable of enhancing economic resilience, diversifying funding sources, and supporting investment in sustainable sectors, thereby reducing the adverse effects of external shocks on fragile economies. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on the relevant economic literature and international reports on green finance, in addition to analyzing the effects of the U.S.–Iran escalation on key Lebanese economic and financial indicators, including economic growth, investment, financial stability, exchange rates, the banking sector, and energy security. It also examines the relationship between rising geopolitical risks and declining conventional investment flows, while highlighting the growing importance of green finance instruments—such as green bonds, sustainable investment funds, and financing for renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure projects—as effective mechanisms for strengthening economic resilience in times of crisis. The findings indicate that geopolitical tensions impose significant burdens on the Lebanese economy by increasing uncertainty, raising financing costs, reducing investment, and intensifying pressure on public finances. Conversely, green finance provides alternative funding sources, stimulates investment in sustainable development projects, and enhances energy security through the expansion of renewable energy, thereby reducing dependence on imported energy and improving the economy's capacity to withstand external shocks. However, the effectiveness of green finance depends on the existence of an appropriate institutional and legislative framework, stable economic policies, and structural reforms that promote transparency, good governance, and the attraction of green investments. The study concludes that expanding the adoption of green finance instruments can serve as a fundamental pillar for supporting Lebanon's economic recovery and achieving sustainable development, particularly in light of continuing regional geopolitical challenges.
Trends of Andalosi Poetry between Classical and Modernists Arabs
Andalusia Arabs were well informed with the schools, styles, and trends of Oriental Arab poets. They knew that Oriental poetry represented two schools and trends: the classical school and the modern one. The two schools and trends coexisted together in Andalusia (today’s Spain). They even were sometimes adopted by the same poet. Hence, this study is intended to give a clear picture of the concept of these two schools of poetry as perceived by Andalusia Arabs and it elaborates on Andalusia poets’ assimilation of the two trends. And explaining the reasons for the dominance of the classical school. One of the most important findings of this study is that the early Arab style of poetry recitation was prevalent among Andalusian poets, and that the main motivations for most Andalusian poets to follow this style were: the efforts of rulers, the influence of educators, Eastern music, Eastern poets, the general political climate, and critics. The researcher recommends that scholars continue to explore and discuss this literary critical issue and its research.
Encrypted Dynamic Control with Stability Tests and Application to Pantograph-Catenary Systems
This paper addresses the challenges of implementing linear dynamic controllers on encrypted data using homomorphic encryption, focusing on the problem of scaling factor accumulation that leads to performance instability when operating systems with non-integer matrices over long time horizons. The paper demonstrates that integer matrices represent a fundamental solution to this problem, allowing signal scale to remain fixed throughout the operation without the need for re-encryption or resetting. The paper also presents two tests for analyzing the stability of nonlinear systems at equilibrium points: the first determines global stability based on the sign of determinants, while the second relies on Gershgorin criteria for local stability. The tests are applied to a dynamic system model of the pantograph-catenary system, identifying stability and instability regions in the parameter plane, and studying the influence of pantograph speed on system stability. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical models in analyzing the behavior of complex physical systems.
The Decision Evaluation Rule and its Effect on the Liability of Company Managers and Board Members under Saudi Companies Law: An Analytical Foundational Study
This study examines the decision evaluation rule set out in Article 31 of the Saudi Companies Law and its effect on the liability of company managers and board members. It argues that the rule does not create immunity, but establishes a rebuttable presumption that the decision-maker performed the required duty when acting in good faith, without a personal interest, on an appropriately informed basis, and with a firm and rational belief that the decision serves the company’s interests. The study analyzes the rule’s relationship with the duties of care and loyalty, its application to action and inaction, its evidentiary effect, the limits of judicial review, and the consequences of losing protection. It concludes that protection depends on the quality of the decision-making process at the time of the decision rather than its subsequent economic outcome, and that rebutting the presumption does not dispense with proving fault, damage, and causation.
The ambitious leadership of the presidents and its relationship to the organizational competitive orientation of the first-class football clubs in Iraq from the point of view of the members of their administrative bodies
The research aimed to identify the type and nature of the relationship between each of the ambitious leadership of the presidents of the first-class football clubs and the organizational competitive orientation of these clubs, after identifying the level of both ambitious leadership of the presidents, and the level of organizational competitive orientation of these clubs, the researchers have identified members of the administrative bodies of first-class football clubs in Iraq as a community for research, as the number of members of this community (203) members of the administrative body, and the small size of this community researchers decided to adopt them all As a main sample of the research, the researchers have divided this sample into three sub-samples (exploratory study, statistical analysis, final application), and these samples were based on the number of individuals amounting to (8, 117, 78) members of the administrative body, and in order to collect the data required for the research, the researchers prepared two measurement tools, the first tool measures the level of ambitious leadership of the presidents of football clubs with a number of paragraphs amounting to (15) paragraphs, and the second tool measures the level of organizational competitive orientation of these clubs with a number of paragraphs amounting to (15) paragraphs, and the answer is After completing the preparation of the two tools, the researchers applied them to the final application sample, and the researchers processed the results extracted statistically through a set of statistical means, namely (percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, Getman equation, class length), and the researchers have concluded a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: - The presidents of first-class football clubs have an average level of ambitious leadership from the point of view of members of their governing bodies. - Football clubs of the first division are characterized by an average level of organizational competitive orientation from the point of view of the members of their administrative bodies. - The existence of a positive moral correlation between the ambitious leadership of the presidents of the first-division football clubs and their organizational competitive orientation.
The role of secondary school principals in developing school administration from the perspective of physical education teachers in Mosul
The Objective of the Research is to identify the role of secondary school principals in developing administrative work in secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate. The descriptive approach was used using the survey method and the study sample included (235) physical education teachers in secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate. To obtain the data, the scale (Al-Manaamah, 2005) was adopted and applied after the scientific conditions of validity and reliability were met. Through the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, Spearman-Brown equation, Gitman equation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The researcher has drawn several conclusions, the most important is that the level of the role played by the school principal in developing the administrative work in his school was at a high level in the secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate. The researcher recommends that the necessity of showing sufficient interest in school administrations by those in charge of educational institutions and providing them with the latest developments in developing administrative work and adopting scientific methods in all areas related to secondary school administrations.
A proposed model for business process reengineering (BPR) in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports: An organizational analytical study
Amid rapid global administrative transformations, the application of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) has become an urgent necessity for government institutions to keep pace with developments and achieve competitiveness. This research aims to design a proposed model for BPR in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports to address Unjustified inflation of the organizational structure and modernize its organizational structures. Methodology: The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach (case study and organizational design), relying on the researcher's 15 years of field observation in the Ministry's departments, in addition to analyzing periodic reports and institutional strategies in light of systems theory. Results: The analysis revealed that the current administrative systems suffer from bureaucracy and redundancy, weakening the effectiveness of its outputs. A proposed model based on a "flat management system" was developed, which included merging and eliminating certain departments (e.g., eliminating the Engineering Affairs Department) and creating new ones (such as the Talent Care Directorate and the Advisory Bureau) to enhance decentralization and speed up decision-making. Conclusions & Recommendations: The research recommends adopting the proposed model, shifting towards flat organizational structures, and conducting continuous periodic evaluations to ensure comprehensive quality.
Training Needs Related to Teaching Methods from the Perspective of a Sample of Kindergarten Teachers According to Selected Variables
The present study aims to identify the training needs related to teaching methods from the perspective of a sample of kindergarten teachers in selected Syrian governorates, and to rank these needs according to their relative importance. It also seeks to examine differences in these needs based on the following variables: (administrative affiliation of the kindergarten, academic qualification, and years of experience). The study sample consisted of 309 kindergarten teachers selected from 30 kindergartens distributed across five governorates (Damascus, Rural Damascus, Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, and Idlib). A questionnaire comprising 40 items was employed, equally divided into four domains: (lesson preparation, selection of teaching methods, application of teaching methods, and evaluation of the effectiveness of teaching methods). The findings revealed that the domains of (lesson preparation and application of teaching methods) ranked first and second, respectively, at the level of “very urgent training need.” The domain of (evaluation of the effectiveness of teaching methods) ranked third at the level of “important training need,” while the domain of (selection of teaching methods) ranked fourth and last at the level of “less important training need.” Results also indicated significant differences in teachers’ assessment of their training needs related to teaching methods across subdomains and in the overall score, depending on the administrative affiliation of the kindergarten, in favor of teachers in private-sector kindergartens. Differences were also found according to academic qualification, in favor of teachers with lower qualifications, and according to years of experience, in favor of teachers with fewer years of service. The results were interpreted in light of the theoretical framework and previous studies, as well as from the researchers’ perspective.
The Wisdom behind the Divine Islamic Teachings: Confronting the False Images of Islamic Teachings
Abstract: This study aimed to shed light on some issues addressed by Islamic teachings that have been misinterpreted by non-Muslims. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach. This research clarifies these issues and concludes that negative media portrayals have presented a distorted image of Islam, thus necessitating clarification of the facts. Among the recommendations is the importance of explaining the Islamic perspective on these issues under discussion. Muslim scholars are urged to undertake this challenging task in this era of modernity, globalization, and Westernization.
Cyber-attacks Risk Analysis of a Connected Pulse Oximeter Device: A Threat Modeling Using STRIDE and DREAD Models
The term "Internet of Things (IoT)" has gained significant traction in recent years due to its wide-ranging applications across various industries, including the healthcare sector. These medical devices, known as connected medical devices, offer immense benefits to patients with chronic diseases and others. However, despite their advantages, regulatory bodies responsible for issuing medical device sales and usage permits currently lack a standardized method for evaluating the security and cybersecurity resilience of these devices before granting approval. The proposed threat modeling approach is an engineering tool that utilizes the STRIDE model to identify and categorize potential threats to connected devices, determine the mitigation techniques employed, and generate a comprehensive report. Additionally, the DREAD model is employed to assess the severity of potential threats throughout the development life cycle of the connected medical device. This paper aims to validate the accuracy and realism of the outcomes derived from this tool and assess the ease of implementation of the proposed methodology by medical device designers and biomedical engineers who lack cybersecurity expertise. The results of applying the proposed threat modeling approach using the STRIDE and DREAD models to an open-source connected pulse oximeter revealed a low average severity score for the connected medical device against potential cyber threats. Our approach was also compared to other threat modeling methods in terms of the number of steps, implementation complexity, and result realism. The findings demonstrat that our threat modeling approach requires the fewest steps, does not necessitate cybersecurity expertise for implementation, and produces more realistic and stable results. Consequently, we propose that the FDA adopt and implement our proposed approach to expedite the approval process for the sale and use of these medical devices, enabling healthcare providers to leverage connected medical devices on a wider scale to combat diseases and epidemics, ultimately delivering higher quality and more effective healthcare.
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Effect of Digital Leadership on Enhancing Organizational Agility through the Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing: An Applied Study in Iraqi Service Companies
This study aims to examine the effect of digital leadership on enhancing organizational agility through the mediating role of knowledge sharing, focusing on Iraqi service companies in Baghdad. In the context of the Fourth Digital Revolution, companies face increasing challenges that necessitate adopting innovative digital strategies to enhance their flexibility and adaptability to rapid changes in the economic and technological environment. Digital leadership emerges as a pivotal factor in guiding organizations towards excellence. It stimulates knowledge exchange and fosters internal collaboration, enhancing organizational agility capabilities such as rapid response and continuous innovation. The study employed a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data, and collected information from 207 employees and managers of prominent Iraqi service companies. Advanced statistical tools such as factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to measure causal relationships between variables. The results showed a statistically significant positive effect of digital leadership on organizational agility, with a strong mediating role of knowledge sharing in enhancing this effect. The study recommends developing training programs to strengthen digital competencies and cultivate a culture of knowledge sharing to increase the competitiveness of Iraqi institutions in a changing digital environment.
The role of digital public relations in building customer loyalty: A field study on women's e-commerce stores in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
This study aimed to identify the impact of digital public relations — with its dimensions of interactive digital communication, digital content management, virtual community building, and instant digital responsiveness — on building customer loyalty among female clients of women’s e-commerce stores in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the study was applied to a convenience sample of (400) female customers of women’s e-commerce stores in the Kingdom, through an electronic questionnaire specifically designed for the purposes of the study. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified using appropriate statistical methods, and the data were subsequently analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed a high level of digital public relations practice within women’s e-commerce stores in the Kingdom, as well as a high level of loyalty among female customers. The results further demonstrated a statistically significant impact at the (0.05) level of digital public relations, with its combined dimensions, on building loyalty, as these dimensions collectively explained (69.7%) of the variance in the dependent variable. Digital content management ranked first in terms of influence, followed by instant digital responsiveness, then interactive digital communication, and finally virtual community building. In light of these findings, the study recommended adopting an integrated strategic vision for digital public relations within women’s e-commerce stores, developing digital content quantitatively and qualitatively, strengthening the technical infrastructure for instant responsiveness, investing in building virtual communities for female customers, and designing multi-level loyalty programs that address the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions of loyalty.
The Predictive Ability of Psychological Resilience and Self-Efficacy in Professional Adjustment among Educational Counselors in Palestine: A Proposed Counseling Program
Study Objective: This study aimed to examine the predictive power of psychological resilience and self-efficacy in explaining professional adjustment among educational counselors in Palestine, as well as to propose a counseling program. Methodology: A descriptive correlational approach was employed, and data were collected using three instruments: the Psychological Resilience Scale, the Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Professional Adjustment Scale. The study sample consisted of 294 male and female counselors in Palestine, selected through cluster random sampling. Results: The findings revealed that the overall level of psychological resilience among educational counselors was high (M = 4.05). Statistically significant differences were found in psychological resilience based on gender, favoring males across all dimensions, as well as based on educational qualification. Specifically, doctoral degree holders scored higher in the domains of endurance and coping with stress, while both master’s and doctoral degree holders showed higher levels in self-confidence and optimism. The results also indicated that the overall level of self-efficacy was high (M = 4.00), with statistically significant gender differences favoring males, as well as differences based on educational qualification in the domain of efficacy, in favor of doctoral degree holders. Similarly, the level of professional adjustment was found to be high (M = 4.09), with statistically significant differences attributed to gender, again in favor of males. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were found between psychological resilience and self-efficacy (r = 0.786), psychological resilience and professional adjustment (r = 0.731), and self-efficacy and professional adjustment (r = 0.776), all at (α ≤ 0.01). Regression analysis showed that both psychological resilience and self-efficacy had a statistically significant predictive effect on professional adjustment (α ≤ 0.05), jointly explaining 64.1% of the variance. Recommendations: Strengthening self-efficacy development programs for educational counselors, as it is the variable that contributes most significantly to professional adjustment. This can be achieved through training courses that focus on building a sense of efficacy, decision-making skills, and the management of complex counseling situations.
The right of Asian and African peoples to hold the FIFA presidency - Ending the ongoing violation of their rights since 1904 under the pretext of elections
This paper examines the issue of the continued denial of the presidency of the International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) since its establishment in 1904, despite the fundamental transformations that the global football system has witnessed in terms of the numerical expansion of the member associations, the geographical spread, and the mass and economic weight of the two continents. The research is based on the hypothesis that elections within FIFA, despite their formal legal legitimacy, have historically not served as a neutral mechanism for the rotation of power, but have turned into an institutional pretext for the reproduction of leadership dominance European-rooted. The research relies on the historical-analytical and descriptive-analytical approaches, by tracing the evolution of the leadership structure within FIFA, analyzing the electoral system and its undeclared mechanisms, and revealing structural flaws in leadership representation. The research also discusses the human rights dimension of exclusion, highlighting the contradiction between FIFA's value discourse on inclusivity and non-discrimination, and its actual practices at the leadership level. The research highlights the importance of the Asian-African People's Movement as a moral and media pressure tool capable of transferring the issue from its closed institutional framework to the space of global public opinion, thus contributing to the accountability of the legitimacy of the current leadership and pushing for reforms in governance and the electoral system. The research concludes that achieving representative justice in the FIFA leadership is not only a symbolic requirement, but also a prerequisite for enhancing the organization's credibility and consolidating the principles of good governance in global football.
Enhancements in Quality of Project Management in the Domain of Information Systems
This paper focuses on proposing a quality assurance model for Information Systems Projects Management (IS-PM). This paper presents some important concepts related to this field. It presents the phases and activities of IS-PM. This paper presents a set of proposed steps for achieving each activity of planning ISs projects. Depending on the proposed steps and a combination of statistical techniques, this paper introduces a proposed quality assurance model for IS-PM activities. This proposed model can be used to build an automated software tool. This paper presents a proposed database schema for building such tool.
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The impact of the use of information technology on the utilization of knowledge management in the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
The current study aimed to know the reality of the impact of the use of information technology on the extent to which knowledge management is used in the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. Given the breadth of the concept of information technology, the main focus of the study is on management information systems. As for the areas of benefiting from knowledge management, they include improving: the planning process, the efficiency of workers' performance, project management activities, the decision-making process, the quality of services, innovation and creativity, and performance excellence. The study used the descriptive approach and the case study approach to describe the reality of the management information systems used in the ministry and the reality of their support for areas of benefit from knowledge management. The questionnaire and the personal interview were used as data collection tools. The total population of the study includes managers at the level of senior management and middle management, and workers in the general administration of information technology. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 140 participants. The study concluded that the respondents on the whole agree to some extent on the "elements of management information systems", "areas of benefiting from knowledge management", but they do not agree with software resources, improving the efficiency of workers' performance, improving the quality of services provided to citizens, and improving the organization's ability to innovate and create, and neutral in terms of human resources, and improve the quality of the decision-making process. The study recommended the necessity of having a department in the organizational structure specialized in knowledge management, and the need to pay attention to the employment of specialists in the field of knowledge, and it recommended the need to improve human resources and software resources. It also recommended increasing attention to improving the quality of the decision-making process, improving the efficiency of workers' performance, improving the quality of services provided to citizens, and improving the organization's ability of innovation and creativity.
Utilization Areas of Knowledge Management