The International Journal for Scientific Research
The International Journal for Scientific Research (IJSR) comes as a specialized and refereed journal as an extension of the journals published by the publishing house “Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing” located in London, United Kingdom, which is managed by academics with long scientific expertise. The journal is interested in publishing scientific research that have originality, modernity, and scientific methodology, which constitute a scientific addition in all disciplines and sciences in both Arabic and English. The research published in the journal is subject to an arbitration process by a group of specialized academic professors from many countries of the world. The journal is also responsible for indexing and archiving Arab scientific and knowledge production in major international scientific databases. ISSN 2755-3418 (Online) Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.issn.2755-3418
Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing
Corruption Perceptions and Their Impact on Macroeconomic Performance in Iraq: Institutional Transmission Channels and ARDL Evidence from the Model (2010–2022)
The paper structurally analyzes the impact of perceived corruption on Iraq’s macroeconomic performance during the period 2010–2022. More specifically, it attempts to determine the elasticity of major macroeconomic variables exchange rate, inflation, and gross domestic product with respect to changes in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Annual time series data is used within an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework after checking stationarity through Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and bounds testing approach toward cointegration. Long-run equilibrium association between corruption and economic performance is found to be highly significant by this study. Administrative perception explains a substantial proportion of variation of GDP as well as 65% variation in exchange rate explained by perceptions on administration. There exists strong negative association where higher-level administrative type -corruption directly associates with declining GDP besides depreciation over local currency’s purchasing power. It found outcomes attributable to the dependency of the Iraqi economy on oil revenues and weak institutions in the country. Therefore, this study has assumed that transparency shall be improved and corruption reduced within public offices by implementing urgent policy interventions as a prerequisite for economic stability together with diversification of an economic base away from a rentier state model.
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The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Enhancing the Instructional Methods Used by Teachers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Primary Schools in the Nazareth Region
The study aimed to investigate the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing the instructional methods used by teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder in primary schools in the Nazareth area. To achieve this aim, a simple random sample was drawn from the original population, consisting of 47 male and female teachers: 4 male teachers and 43 female teachers. A questionnaire was administered to them, designed according to a five-point Likert scale. Its items reflected the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods across four domains: (1) knowledge of the uses of artificial intelligence technologies, (2) the benefits of employing artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods, (3) the difficulties faced by teachers in using artificial intelligence technologies, and (4) the importance of training in the use of artificial intelligence technologies for improving teachers’ performance and professional development. The study data were analyzed using the descriptive and analytical approaches. The most important findings were as follows: - The overall mean score of the study sample on the questionnaire, which reflected the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing the instructional methods used by teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder in primary schools in the Nazareth area, was 3.32 out of 5 points, with a percentage of 66.4%, indicating a moderate level of estimation. - The mean scores of the four domains related to the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods were rated as high. However, the one-way analysis of variance for the repeated measure did not show statistically significant differences at the confidence level of α = 0.05 among these four domains. - The independent-samples t-test and the overall F-test did not show statistically significant differences regarding the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing teachers’ instructional methods in primary schools in the Nazareth area attributable to gender, years of teaching experience, academic qualification, academic specialization, training courses in special education, or training courses in digital technology and artificial intelligence. The exception was the first domain, related to knowledge of artificial intelligence technologies and their uses, where differences were found attributable to years of teaching experience, in favor of teachers with 5 to 9 years of experience. The results also showed statistically significant differences in the first domain attributable to the number of training courses in digital technology and artificial intelligence, indicating that receiving training courses in this field contributes to raising teachers’ level of knowledge of artificial intelligence technologies and their uses. Accordingly, it can be said that the demographic and professional variables did not produce substantial differences in the total degree of the role of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods, except for some limited differences that appeared in the domain of knowledge of artificial intelligence technologies, which were associated with years of teaching experience and the number of training courses in digital technology and artificial intelligence. Based on these findings, the two researchers recommended conducting further future studies that link the theoretical and practical knowledge of teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder regarding the use of artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing instructional methods in primary schools in the Nazareth area.
Teachers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
On Fine Rings and Their Relationship with Clean, Nil-Clean and Polynomial Ring Extensions
The structural characteristics of fine rings and their connections to polynomial rings, clean rings, and nil-clean rings are examined in this study. One important class that is closely connected to simple rings is fine rings, which are defined via decompositions involving units and nilpotent elements. We examine whether the fine property is preserved under polynomial extensions and show that, in general, polynomial rings fail to retain this property. Furthermore, we analyze the connections between fine, clean, and nil-clean rings, highlighting that while every fine is structurally rigid and linked to simplicity, clean and nil-clean rings exhibit more flexible behavior, especially in the presence of nilpotent elements. In particular, we study rings of the form Fq[x]/(xn), establishing conditions under which they are clean or nil-clean, and explaining why they are not fine. The results provide a clearer structural comparison between these classes and suggest directions for further research in decomposition theory and ring extensions.
The impact of automation on lawyers in the digital environment
The legal sector is undergoing a rapid transformation driven by automation and digital technologies. Some traditional legal tasks, such as contract drafting, document sorting, legal research, case management, and legal data analysis, can now be performed using smart systems and specialized software. The impact of automation is no longer limited to expediting procedures; it has extended to reshaping the role of the lawyer, the nature of the relationship between the lawyer and the client, and the limits of professional responsibility when using technological tools. This research discusses the impact of automation on lawyers in the digital environment. It examines the concept of legal automation, its practical applications, advantages, and professional and ethical challenges, focusing on the Saudi legal environment, particularly regarding client data confidentiality, personal data protection, and restricting the provision of legal services to licensed professionals. The research concludes that automation does not eliminate the role of the lawyer, but rather redefines it. The modern lawyer is no longer merely an executor of traditional procedures; they are now required to understand technology, manage its risks, and utilize it in a way that preserves their professional independence, the rights of their clients, and the quality of legal services.
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and working memory: a correlational study at Hassan II University Hospital in Fez
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction, resulting in intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. These disturbances are likely to alter cognitive processes, in particular the various components of working memory. Objective: To study the relationship between the severity of OSA, defined by the type of apnea (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI), and the performance of the various components of the working memory according to the Baddeley model: phonological loop, visual-spatial notebook and central administrator. Methods: Cross-sectional correlational study conducted at the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez. The population includes adult patients followed by a somnology consultation, diagnosed by polysomnography. The memory assessment is based on the phonological loop (direct empan, WAIS-III), the visual-spatial notebook (Corsi blocks, MEM-III) and the central administrator (verbal and spatial empan, WAIS-III/MEM-III). The statistical analyses were carried out with the SPSS software. Results: The correlations reveal a strong link between the type of apnea and the phonological loop (r = 0.031; p = 0.8), a weak link with the visual-spatial notebook (r = 0.1; p = 0.1), and a strong and negative link with the central administrator, tested both via the verbal empanel (r = 0.03; p = 0.9) than spatial (r = -0.02; p = 0.8). This last negative correlation indicates that as the severity of apnea increases, the performance of the central administrator decreases. Conclusion: The SAHOS affects differentially the components of the working memory, with a selective and marked vulnerability of the central administrator. These results confirm the hypothesis of a preferential fragility of the executive processes and underline the need for a systematic neuropsychological evaluation in the management of apneic patients.
The principle of the independence of the arbitration clause in the Saudi system: a comparative applied study
The principle of the independence of the arbitration clause means that the arbitration clause included in a contract is considered an agreement independent of the original contract, despite being linked to it. Accordingly, the invalidity, rescission, or termination of the contract does not automatically invalidate the arbitration clause unless the defect pertains to the clause itself. This principle aims to protect the parties' will to resort to arbitration as a means of dispute resolution and to prevent any party from evading arbitration by challenging the original contract. The Saudi legal system has adopted this principle in line with modern international trends in arbitration, thereby enhancing the stability of commercial transactions and increasing confidence in the investment environment. This study examines judicial and arbitration applications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, comparing them with international legislation, regulations, and comparative laws to highlight points of agreement and difference, and the effectiveness of the principle in guaranteeing the independence of the arbitration process.
The impact of adhering to public service ethics on protecting public order and its two aspects: An analytical study in the Saudi legal system
Public service ethics constitute a fundamental pillar for ensuring the efficiency of public facilities and strengthening public trust in governmental institutions. This study aims to examine the impact of adherence to public service ethics on protecting public facilities and enhancing beneficiaries’ trust in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through an analytical review of the legal framework governing public employees’ conduct. The study analyzes the relevant regulations and legislation, including the Basic Law of Governance, the Civil Service Law, the Anti-Corruption Law, and the Code of Conduct and Ethics of Public Service, while also highlighting the role of oversight bodies and digital transformation in promoting integrity and transparency. The study concludes that public service ethics have evolved from merely moral obligations into binding legal duties that contribute to improving governmental performance, protecting public funds, and reducing administrative corruption. The findings reveal a direct relationship between adherence to ethical principles—such as integrity, impartiality, transparency, and avoidance of conflicts of interest—and the enhancement of service quality and beneficiaries’ trust. The study further emphasizes that the effectiveness of regulatory and legislative frameworks depends on promoting a culture of integrity and ethical awareness within the public sector, in line with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030 in strengthening governance, transparency, and public sector efficiency.
Guarantee contract: its types and effects in the Saudi system
This research aims to highlight the "guarantee" contract as one of the most important credit documentation contracts in the Saudi legal system, in light of the modern provisions established by the Civil Transactions Law issued by Royal Decree No. (M/191) dated 1444 AH. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the Sharia and legal provisions governing this contract, beginning with the definition and legitimacy of guarantee, then outlining its essential elements and valid conditions, and its main types (financial guarantee and personal guarantee), culminating in an analysis of its legal effects on the contracting parties and the circumstances of its termination and lapse. The research reached several key conclusions, most notably: that the Saudi legislator has achieved a fair legislative balance that protects the rights of the creditor on the one hand, and safeguards the guarantor's liability from abuse on the other, through the establishment of precise legal controls such as the "right of search" (the obligation to first pursue the assets of the original debtor unless the guarantee is joint and several), and the guarantor's right to uphold the defenses of the original debtor. In light of this, the research recommended that individuals be aware of the financial solvency of the person they are guaranteeing before signing a guarantee contract, and that they be fully familiar with the legal terms stipulated in the contract to avoid unforeseen financial and legal consequences. It also recommended continued applied studies of guarantee provisions in light of recent judicial interpretations.
Melha Abdullah's the Libero: A Psychoanalytic Reading
Melha Abdullah is a prominent Saudi playwright and critic. Her dramatic work engages profoundly with moral, social, and cultural issues, addressing themes such as oppression, marginalization, and human struggle within restrictive environments. Although her works have attracted widespread global attention, underscoring Abdullah's role in developing Saudi theatre, feminist discourse, and audience engagement, few studies have examined her significant play, The Libero. Drawing on the psychoanalytic approach and Jung's concepts of the persona and the shadow, this study investigates how societal pressure and moral corruption contribute to psychological fragmentation. The analysis centres on the protagonist, focusing on his internal conflict and divided sense of self. This study argues that over-identification with the persona and the continued repression of the shadow lead to aggressive responses embodied in the monster Bakeleto. The findings indicate that the protagonist’s transformation represents the breakdown of the social persona under excessive moral and social strain. This collapse enables the emergence of the shadow as a psychological strategy of resistance and survival. This study offers a psychoanalytic reading of The Libero, illuminating the inner dimensions of dramatic characters in modern Saudi theatre.
The impact of force majeure and unforeseen circumstances on contracts
This research aims to study the impact of force majeure and unforeseen circumstances on contracts under the Saudi legal system, in light of recent economic and social developments and the exceptional crises that have affected the performance of contractual obligations worldwide. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine relevant legal texts, Islamic jurisprudence principles, and judicial applications. The research reached several important findings, most notably: Force majeure leads to the absolute impossibility of performing contractual obligations, resulting in the termination of the obligation or rescission of the contract, whereas unforeseen circumstances merely make performance onerous, justifying judicial intervention to restore contractual balance. The research also confirmed that the Saudi legal system - particularly the Civil Transactions Law issued in 1444 AH - has achieved a precise balance between the principle of "pacta sunt servanda" (the contract is the law of the parties) and the principle of justice by taking into account exceptional circumstances. The research based its analysis on foundational Sharia principles such as "no harm and no reciprocating harm" (la darar wa la dirar), "hardship begets facility" (al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir), and "harm must be eliminated", illustrating the role of Saudi courts in applying these principles, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research recommended the need to enhance legal texts, include explicit clauses in contracts to deal with exceptional circumstances, and promote a culture of renegotiation between parties.
The Effectiveness of the School Administration to Apply the Digital Educational Platforms from the Teachers’ Point of View at Sohar
The current study aims to investigate the effectiveness of school administration in utilizing educational platforms from the perspective of female teachers in the Wilayat of Sohar. A descriptive research method was applied, as it aligns with the nature and objectives of the study. The study sample consisted of 250 female teachers from Sohar randomly during the second semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. To collect data, a google form questionnaire was created that comprised two main dimensions: the first focused on the effectiveness of school administration in planning for the use of digital educational platforms, and the second addressed the effectiveness of school administration in monitoring and regulating teaching and learning processes. The study tool included 30 items, and reliability analysis showed a high internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.955. The findings showed that the effectiveness of school administration in utilizing educational platforms, from the perspective of female teachers in Sohar, was rated as high. Furthermore, the findings revealed no statistically significant differences at the α ≤ 0.05 level attributable to the variables of educational cycle or years of experience. Based on these results, the study recommends enhancing the role of school administration by developing their digital and administrative skills related to the integration of technology in the educational process. It also emphasizes the importance of providing ongoing training programs for administrators and teachers to strengthen their capabilities in effectively using educational platforms. Additionally, the study highlights the need to improve the technical infrastructure within schools to create an environment conducive to seamless technology integration. The study also suggests conducting future research that includes other Wilayats and educational levels, with a particular focus on evaluating the impact of digital platform utilization on students’ academic achievement and performance.
The Impact of the Principle of Good Faith on the Performance of Civil Contracts under Saudi Law: A Comparative Study with Islamic Jurisprudence
The principle of good faith is a fundamental principle of modern contractual relations. It aims to achieve contractual justice and balance between contracting parties by obligating them to honesty, integrity, and cooperation in fulfilling their contractual obligations. The importance of this principle is increasing in light of the rapid development of civil transactions and the growing complexity of contractual relationships. This necessitates legal protection to prevent the abuse of rights and ensure stability in transactions. The problem addressed in this study is the effectiveness of the principle of good faith in the execution of civil contracts within the Saudi legal system, the extent to which its regulatory framework aligns with the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence, and its legal implications in addressing breaches of contractual obligations. The study aims to analyze the concept of good faith and its legal and Sharia foundations, demonstrate its applications during contract execution, and reveal the legal consequences of violating it. It also examines recent judicial trends in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia related to this principle. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing the regulatory texts contained in the Saudi Civil Transactions Law, in addition to a comparative approach to identify points of agreement and disagreement between the Saudi system and Islamic jurisprudence. Modern judicial applications were also utilized to highlight the practical applications of the principle. The study concluded that the principle of good faith constitutes a governing rule for the execution of civil contracts in the Saudi system, and that its foundation is derived from the provisions of Islamic Sharia, which emphasizes fulfilling contracts and prohibits fraud, deception, and harming others. It also showed that the Saudi Civil Transactions Law has strengthened the scope of application of this principle, making it a standard for interpreting and executing contractual obligations. Furthermore, the Saudi judiciary has moved towards enshrining its practical effects by protecting the party acting in good faith, preventing the abuse of rights, and establishing compensation when harm results from bad faith. The study recommended the necessity of developing judicial applications related to the principle of good faith, enhancing legal awareness of its importance in contractual relationships, and conducting further applied studies on its role in modern contracts and electronic contracts. This would contribute to strengthening contractual security, achieving justice, and ensuring the stability of transactions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The Impact of Real Property Title Registration on the Protection of Real Rights under the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical Study in Light of the Saudi Civil Transactions Law and Recent Judicial Applications
This study addresses the topic of "The Impact of Real Estate Registration on the Protection of Real Rights in the Saudi System: An Analytical Study in Light of the Saudi Civil Transactions Law and Modern Judicial Applications," considering it one of the most significant legislative transformations witnessed by real estate regulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study's importance stems from the role of real estate registration in enhancing the stability of real estate ownership, protecting real rights, and achieving legal certainty in real estate transactions, aligning with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030, which aims to develop and improve the efficiency of the real estate sector. The study aimed to clarify the legal nature of real estate registration, analyze its regulatory basis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and demonstrate its contribution to protecting real rights and stabilizing real estate ownership. It also examined the legal validity of registration in the real estate registry and its legal implications for third parties, and analyzed the trends in Saudi jurisprudence regarding real estate disputes related to real estate registration. Furthermore, the study sought to identify the most prominent practical problems that may arise from discrepancies between the data recorded in the real estate registry and the actual state of ownership. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by inductive and comparative methods as required by the nature of the research. This was achieved through an analysis of relevant legal texts pertaining to the Real Estate Registration System and the Saudi Civil Transactions Law, and by examining recent judicial applications related to the legal validity of the real estate register and the protection of real property rights. The study concluded that the Real Estate Registration System is an effective legal tool for enhancing the protection of real property rights and ensuring the stability of real estate transactions. This is accomplished by granting real estate registration strong evidentiary weight in proving and asserting ownership against third parties, and by reducing disputes related to ownership. The study also demonstrated that the Saudi judiciary is moving towards strengthening confidence in the real estate register while safeguarding rights acquired prior to registration. The study recommended developing the legislative and procedural framework for real estate registration, enhancing its integration with the Civil Transactions Law, and unifying relevant judicial principles. This would contribute to raising the level of real estate security, supporting investment, and achieving sustainable development.
The Rights of the Mortgagee Creditor and Their Effects Against Third Parties under the Saudi Registered Real Estate Mortgage Law
This study addresses the topic of "The Rights of the Mortgagee and Their Effects Against Third Parties According to the Saudi Registered Mortgage Law." This is a highly significant legal topic given the increasing expansion of real estate financing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the associated need for effective legal guarantees to protect creditors' rights and ensure stability in real estate and credit transactions. The study aims to clarify the nature and legal character of mortgages, analyze the rights granted to mortgagees, primarily the right of priority and the right of pursuit, and explain the impact of mortgage registration on its enforceability against third parties and the ranking of creditors. It also examines the rights of the possessor of the mortgaged property, the reasons for mortgage termination, and its legal consequences. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing and analyzing the regulatory texts governing mortgages in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and linking them to practical applications and relevant legal jurisprudence. The study reached several conclusions, most notably that mortgages are among the most prominent forms of real security that support real estate credit and achieve a balance between the interests of the mortgagee and the mortgagor. It also found that registering a mortgage is a fundamental requirement for its enforceability against third parties and for ensuring legal transparency. Furthermore, the study emphasized that the right of priority and the right of pursuit constitute the most important guarantees granted to the mortgagee, as they allow them priority in recovering their debt from the proceeds of the mortgaged property and in tracking the property regardless of who acquires it. The study also demonstrated that the Saudi legal system is committed to achieving a balance between protecting the rights of the mortgagee and protecting bona fide third parties by regulating registration and enforcement procedures and clarifying the rights of the holder of the mortgaged property. The study concluded that the Saudi legal system is careful to achieve a balance between protecting the rights of the mortgagee and protecting bona fide third parties by regulating registration and enforcement procedures and outlining the rights of the holder of the mortgaged property. The study recommended enhancing legal awareness of mortgage provisions, developing electronic registration and enforcement procedures, standardizing judicial principles related to mortgages, and supporting specialized legal studies in this field. This would contribute to strengthening real estate and credit stability and achieving the goals of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.
Official Mortgage as an In-Kind Guarantee for Debt Settlement in the Saudi Legal System: An Analytical Applied Study
This research examines the official mortgage (al-Rahn al-Rasmi) as the most powerful form of in-kind guarantee within the framework of the Saudi Civil Transactions System, issued by Royal Decree No. (M/191) of 1443 AH. The significance of this study stems from the pivotal role played by the official mortgage in securing credit and facilitating financing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research adopts an analytical-deductive methodology in analyzing the regulatory texts, supported by an applied approach. It is structured into three main sections: the first addresses the nature of guarantees and the place of the official mortgage among them; the second examines the conditions for the formation of the official mortgage and its effects; and the third covers the enforcement of the mortgage, debt satisfaction, and established legal principles. The research concludes that the official mortgage is a formal accessory contract that is not enforceable against third parties except through registration, and that the mortgagee has no right to directly possess the mortgaged property but must satisfy his right through a public auction sale under the Enforcement System. This balance protects the creditor's rights while safeguarding those of the debtor and other creditors. The research recommends simplifying registration procedures electronically and publishing guiding judicial principles in mortgage and enforcement disputes.
Using binary logistic regression to identify the most important factors affecting the incidence of diabetes during the year 2025
The study aimed to identify the most important factors affecting the incidence of diabetes during the year 2025. Binary logistic regression was used to explain the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables, and the maximum likelihood estimation method was used to estimate the parameters of the logistic model through data representing a group of diabetic patients aged from one month to 19 years obtained from the records of the Diabetes Hospital in Al-Khums City for the year 2025 AD. The study concluded that the logistic discrimination model is appropriate in studying the factors affecting diabetes and it was found that the estimated parameters of the logistic model are significant. It was also found that the variables (weight and age) are influential in the dependent variable, which represents the condition of the person infected or not infected, and that the rest of the variables have no effect, and that the overall percentage of correct classification for the accuracy of prediction of the dependent variable based on the estimated model is (71.3).
Constitutional legitimacy - the principle of the presumption of innocence for the accused in the Code of Criminal Procedure
The legal system, as a set of rules governing individual conduct, is the responsibility of the state to impose penalties and punishments on those who violate these rules. This is done to preserve the integrity, security, and stability of society, guarantee public interests, and protect individual freedoms. The penal code focuses on addressing all matters necessary for the proper functioning of social life, ensuring rights and freedoms, and preventing any individual from infringing upon those rights. However, the accused has the right to defend themselves. Criminal law does not permit the deprivation of the accused's freedom and rights, and it also protects the public interest. The principle of the presumption of innocence in criminal law is a fundamental guarantee of procedural legality. The importance of this principle is evident when taking criminal actions that affect personal freedom and when managing criminal evidence. It is a legal safeguard that the legislator must consider when defining criminal procedures to prevent the infringement of rights and freedoms. Due to its strong connection to personal freedom, this principle covers all stages of criminal proceedings, leading to outcomes that benefit the accused.
The legality of restricting teachers' employment contracts to the duration of the academic year in private schools: Ten-month contracts
This study addresses the issue of the 10-month contracts prevalent among private schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which are limited to the actual duration of the school year—approximately 10 months—and do not include the summer vacation period, in order to avoid financial obligations during the summer. The research question centers on how to reconcile the economic and investment aspects of private schools with their educational and pedagogical nature. This is because certain administrative decisions of an economic nature have an impact on teachers’ job security and, consequently, on their financial and psychological well-being; all of which, in turn, affects the educational institution as a whole. This study therefore examines the circumstances that gave rise to this practice – the ten-month contracts – and their legality in light of the provisions of the Saudi Labor Law and its implementing regulations, as well as their implications for teachers and educational institutions. It also examines how to balance the teacher’s right to job security with the right of private schools to achieve their legitimate objectives, all in a manner that does not conflict with the educational and pedagogical mission of the schools. This study is divided into two sections, each of which includes two subsections. The first section addresses the nature of employment contracts in private schools, with the aim of identifying the contract most suited to the nature of the educational process and the nature of a teacher’s work. The second section examines the ten-month contract, its motivations, and its implications, to understand its purpose, the circumstances that led to its creation, and its impact on teachers. Finally, the study reached several conclusions, the most notable of which is that 10-month contracts are not, in and of themselves, a violation of the law; rather, the problem lies in how they are used. The study also identified a set of recommendations aimed at stabilizing employment contracts in private schools, thereby ensuring the stability of the educational process as a whole.
The Role of Waqf in the Sustainability of Family Businesses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Field Study
This study aimed to identify the role of endowments (Waqf) in the sustainability of family businesses, focusing on family firms with endowments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to explore their challenges, examine the role of endowments in ensuring corporate continuity, and investigate their impact on achieving generational succession. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive survey methodology utilizing a mixed-methods approach, implementing a questionnaire for the quantitative component and semi-structured interviews for the qualitative component. The study population consisted of all officials in Saudi family businesses with endowments whose roles pertain to family operations and the endowment, from which a convenience sample of 51 officials completed a physically distributed questionnaire, while semi-structured interviews were conducted—both face-to-face and via Zoom—with 8 family endowment experts in Saudi Arabia. The findings revealed that endowments actively contribute to the sustainability of 48% of family businesses up to the second generation, maintain the survival of 21% up to the third generation, and ensure the continuity of 6% into the fourth generation. Furthermore, the results indicated that the endowment serves as a genuine safeguard for preserving inheritance, growing wealth, and avoiding liquidation cycles that often terminate the legacy of major companies upon the founder’s absence. However, the study highlighted that the most prominent challenges facing these businesses include a shortage of qualified personnel to manage endowments, a lack of clarity regarding their strategic vision, weak financial planning, difficulties in aligning company interests with the conditions set by the endowers (Waqifis), and the presence of family disputes that negatively impact endowment utilization. Ultimately, the results demonstrated that endowments play a significant role in generational succession planning, preserving family unity and cohesion, and reducing conflicts among family members; consequently, the study recommends that family businesses actively establish endowments to safeguard both family and wealth, train rising generations, and formulate a mutually agreed-upon generational succession plan.
Mortgage - its concept, legal nature, and types (movable property - real estate): A descriptive and analytical study
This research examines the concept of pledge (mortgage/security interest) as one of the most important legal guarantees for obligations. It aims to clarify the legal definition of pledge, analyze its legal nature, and distinguish between its principal forms, namely movable pledge and real estate mortgage. The significance of this topic lies in the essential role of pledge in protecting creditors’ rights and strengthening confidence in financial and commercial transactions by allocating specific property as security for the performance of a debt. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical methodology through the examination and interpretation of relevant legal provisions, with particular reliance on the Saudi Commercial Pledge Law as the primary legislative framework governing pledges over movable property. The analysis demonstrates that a pledge constitutes an accessory real right that is dependent upon the secured obligation. It grants the creditor two fundamental rights: the right of priority over other creditors and the right to trace and enforce against the pledged asset in the event of non-payment. The research further explains that pledges are classified according to the nature of the secured asset into movable pledges and real estate mortgages. Although both types share the same objective of securing the creditor’s claim, they differ in terms of legal requirements, registration procedures, and enforcement mechanisms. The study also highlights the modern legislative approach adopted by the Saudi regulator, which permits the pledge of future assets and rights and establishes a unified commercial pledges registry to enhance transparency and determine creditors’ priorities. The research concludes that the legal framework governing pledge provides an effective balance between the creditor’s interest in obtaining reliable security and the debtor’s interest in utilizing property without transferring ownership. It also contributes to promoting credit, investment, and economic stability. The study recommends increasing legal awareness of pledge rules, simplifying registration and enforcement procedures, and continuing to update legislation to meet evolving economic and technological developments.
Spatial Analysis of Environmental Changes Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing in Al Bahah (2020–2025)
This study aims to analyze the spatial changes in land use in Al Bahah during the period (2020–2025) and predict future land-use patterns for the year 2030 using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Landsat satellite imagery was utilized, and a supervised classification approach was applied to extract land cover categories, including vegetation cover, urban areas, water bodies, and vacant lands. Classification accuracy was evaluated using a confusion matrix and various accuracy indicators to ensure the reliability of the results. The study relied on a transition matrix to analyze change trends among the different categories. The results revealed a significant increase in urban areas accompanied by a decline in vegetation cover, along with varying changes in water bodies and vacant lands. Change rates were also calculated, indicating that urban areas recorded the highest growth rate during the study period, reflecting the accelerating urban expansion in the city. For prediction purposes, the Markov model was implemented through the Google Earth Engine platform to estimate future changes for 2030. The results indicated the continuation of the urban expansion trend, with urban areas expected to reach approximately 91 km², while vegetation cover is projected to decline to about 72 km². Water bodies are also expected to decrease to nearly 17 km², whereas vacant lands are anticipated to remain relatively stable. The findings confirm that Al Bahah is experiencing an increasing pattern of urban sprawl at the expense of natural resources, highlighting the importance of adopting sustainable urban planning strategies that balance urban development with environmental conservation. The study also demonstrates the significance of spatial analysis techniques and predictive models in supporting decision-making and achieving sustainable development.
Spatial Analysis of the Urban Heat Island Distribution in Buraidah City Using Geographic Information Systems and the Google Earth Engine Platform
This study aims to explore and analyze the spatial pattern of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in Buraidah City by employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools and utilizing the capabilities of the Google Earth Engine platform for processing and analyzing remote sensing data. The study relied on Landsat satellite imagery for the year 2025 to derive Land Surface Temperature (LST), along with the application of several spectral indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), in order to analyze the relationship between thermal variations and land use/land cover patterns. The results revealed a noticeable spatial variation in the distribution of Land Surface Temperature values, ranging between 29°C and 57°C, with a clear dominance of high-temperature classes, reflecting the intensity of the Urban Heat Island effect within the urban fabric of the city. Furthermore, the results of spatial statistical analysis using Moran’s I Index indicated that the thermal distribution follows a clustered pattern with high statistical significance, where the index value reached 0.245, the z-score was 47.79, and the p-value was 0.000, confirming a strong spatial correlation among thermally similar areas. The study also confirmed an inverse relationship between vegetation density and temperature values, while higher thermal values were associated with barren and open areas characterized by low moisture levels. The importance of this study lies in presenting an integrated spatial analytical model that contributes to understanding the dynamics of Urban Heat Islands and provides a scientific basis to support decision-makers and planners in adopting sustainable urban planning policies. It also contributes to guiding efforts toward enhancing vegetation cover and improving land use patterns, thereby reducing negative environmental and climatic impacts within Buraidah City, in alignment with the objectives of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, particularly in improving quality of life and enhancing energy efficiency.
Carrying a Wallet in the Back Pocket and its Relation to Spinal Injuries in Males Aged 20 to 40 Years
The aims of this study were to develop a spinal lesion scale for the research sample, to assess the level of spinal cord damage among the research participants, and to find out what a wallet in your back pocket has to do with spinal injuries. The researcher hypothesized that there is a statistically significant relationship between carrying a wallet in the back pocket and spinal injuries. The study sample was limited to 200 people. The sample was limited to males aged 20–40 years and may not be representative of other age groups and females. The researcher extracted the following data from the individuals using the statistical bag (SPSS), arithmetic mean, independent samples (t) test, and percentage. The researcher applied the proper statistical procedures and discovered a statistically significant correlation between holding a wallet in a back pocket and spinal injury. The researcher suggested the wallet should be kept in the front pocket or in a separate bag/handbag. Also, practice stretching the piriformis muscle and pelvic muscles to equalize the sometimes-pressure that the body was subjected to.
Translation and Validation of the Questionnaire of Self-Concept (QSC-18) on a sample of Young Adults in Saudi Society
This study aimed to Translate and Validate the Questionnaire of Self-Concept by (Dolejš et al., 2022) on young adults in Saudi Society. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology. The sample consisted of (200) of young adults (male-female) in Saudi Society during the year 2024-2025. The study used the following tools after obtaining the voluntary consent from the participants, which are as follows: Questionnaires of Demographic Questions (by researcher), Questionnaires of Self-Concept-18 (Dolejš et al., 2022) Translation to Arabic: (Albukhari et al., 2026). The results demonstrated that the Arabic version of the Questionnaires of Self-Concept-18 possesses good psychometric properties, including its suitability for application among young adults in Saudi Society. Based on the findings of the present study the researcher highlights the necessity of developing programs focused on self-concept clarity, while fostering a stimulating environment that promotes positive self-concept among young adults in Saudi Society.
Artificial intelligence between supporting and weakening judicial evidence in courts
The acceptance of forensic evidence is the result of fair competition between the parties in a legal case; it's the foundation upon which a judge relies to issue rulings. When evidence is strong and unquestionable, the judge can confidently accept it, trusting their sound judgment in building their judicial conviction and issuing their rulings. With technological advancements, especially the powerful rise of artificial intelligence (AI), government agencies and institutions have rapidly moved to embrace this progress. This is clear in the shift by criminal investigation agencies toward using modern techniques to uncover and present correct evidence more easily and effectively. Courtrooms have also seen a notable transformation in the means of proof, using unconventional methods to solve complex cases. These methods include technologies for identifying people through voice, hand, and eye prints, as well as facial recognition. Additionally, they use DNA technology to trace the origin of liquids and biological tissues. However, as much as AI has become a positive tool for assisting criminal investigation agencies in obtaining sound forensic evidence, it is not without risks. These dangers lie in the immense potential of AI to create fabricated evidence. This includes documents and photos used to prove or disprove a person's presence at a specific time and place. It also involves audio and visual evidence where the average person struggles to distinguish between what's real and what's fake. The use of such fabricated evidence can mislead the justice system and may profoundly influence judges as they exercise their natural freedom in issuing rulings. This situation poses a challenge, requiring justice authorities to do their utmost to prevent malicious uses of AI that could subvert justice. This reality places the burden on investigators and judges to gain the knowledge needed for cases where evidence might be altered with AI, thereby avoiding corrupted evidence that would harm justice.
The invalidity of the original contract and its effect on the arbitration clause: An analytical reading of the modern trends of Saudi commercial courts of appeal in light of the Saudi arbitration system
This research examines the impact of the invalidity of the main contract on the arbitration clause under Saudi Arbitration Law, through an analytical study of the Arbitration Law issued by Royal Decree No. (M/34) dated 24/5/1433H (2012). The study focuses on Article 21, which establishes the principle of separability of the arbitration clause, providing that the invalidity, rescission, or termination of the main contract does not invalidate the arbitration clause as long as the clause is valid in itself. The study also addresses Article 20, which adopts the principle of competence-competence and grants arbitral tribunals the authority to rule on objections relating to their jurisdiction and the validity of the arbitration agreement. The research adopts analytical, comparative, and applied methodologies by examining relevant statutory provisions, reviewing recent decisions of Saudi Commercial Courts of Appeal, and comparing the Saudi approach with the UNCITRAL Model Law and selected comparative legal systems. The study concludes that the invalidity of the underlying contract does not affect the arbitration clause unless the defect directly affects the arbitration agreement itself, such as lack of writing, incapacity, or defective consent. It also finds that Saudi courts strongly support the separability principle and limit judicial review to the exclusive grounds for annulment. The study recommends wider publication of judicial principles, careful drafting of arbitration clauses, and increased specialized training for arbitrators, judges, and lawyers to enhance confidence in commercial arbitration and strengthen the investment environment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Abuse of property rights in the Saudi system and its judicial applications
This research examines the legal theory of unforeseen circumstances (hardship doctrine) as a mechanism for balancing contractual binding force against the demands of contractual justice. The theory applies when exceptional, unforeseeable general events arise after a contract is concluded, making performance excessively burdensome for the obligor without rendering it entirely impossible. The study traces the theory's jurisprudential roots in Islamic law through concepts such as jawā'iḥ (crop disasters) and 'udhr (legal excuse), supported by general legal maxims such as "harm must be removed" and "hardship invites ease." It then analyzes how the theory was codified in the Saudi Civil Transactions Law (1444H/2022), particularly Article 97, which grants the debtor the right to invite renegotiation and empowers courts to reduce an onerous obligation to a reasonable limit. The research distinguishes the theory from force majeure in terms of conditions, effects, and legal consequences, and examines judicial applications in construction contracts and commercial lease disputes during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding a clear judicial preference for preserving contracts through rebalancing rather than termination. The study concludes that Saudi law has successfully institutionalized the theory, while recommending the development of clearer judicial standards for "excessive hardship" and greater consistency in judicial reasoning.
The role of unused structures in Ibn Jinni's book "Al-Munsif" in teaching Arabic: A descriptive and analytical study
This research aims to explore the role of unused structures in Ibn Jinni's book "Al-Munsif" in teaching and developing the Arabic language. The researcher addressed the theoretical framework related to the role of unused structures in teaching Arabic, using Ibn Jinni's "Al-Munsif." The descriptive-analytical method was employed, and the research sample consisted of secondary school students. Data was collected through questionnaires designed for this research. The researcher concluded that unused structures play a role in building the learner's linguistic competence. Sound morphological rules can produce understandable forms even if they are not used. Furthermore, analogy is restricted by usage and linguistic convention, making the learner appreciate the beauty of linguistic choice. Unused structures can be used in teaching Arabic to enhance students' understanding of classical texts and develop their language skills.
The Differential Complex Equation Pu = f: A Solution Using the Kernel Method
In this study, a general approach to solving partial differential equations in what are called "differential complexes." The method is based on the main principle of breaking the equation's basic answer into two parts. This decomposition makes it possible to establish the criteria required for the existence of solutions as well as to create explicit formulas for solutions, making it a potent and adaptable tool that goes beyond the constraints of conventional approaches.
Treatment of Spastic quadriplegia resulting from hypoxia in newborn through body engineering technique-hand therapy Case Report Described by Parents: Qualitative study
Objectives: Summary of Case Report on Spastic quadriplegia accompanied by several disabilities. Treatment with Body Engineering/Hand Therapy. This case report describes the successful treatment of a 4 years old girl who was diagnosed with Spastic quadriplegia and global developmental delay accompanied with relapse, slurred speech, and cognitive delay resulting from hypoxia during child birth. To report a case of a girl who suffered Spastic quadriplegia, seizures, and delay in speech and perception due to hypoxia and to highlights the critical role of body engineering techniques for the rehabilitation of children with similar cases. Methods: An informed case report was given by from the child's parents. Functional recovery was achieved through a customized rehabilitation plan according to the body engineering / hand therapy techniques We highlight: -Medical Management for such cases. -A rehabilitation plan based on body engineering/ hand therapy techniques that led to complete recovery. -Satisfaction of the patient's parents after treatment. Results: Treating the patient through body engineering (hand therapy) and rehabilitating him for a full year led to the appearance of signs of clinical and radiographic improvement. Conclusions: Hypoxia-induced spastic quadriplegia often results in multiple disabilities, as seen in this case. Early intervention using body engineering techniques can lead to significant improvements in physical and cognitive functions. Continuous monitoring and rehabilitation are recommended to sustain progress and prevent relapses (Odding et al., 2006). Based on the provided information, body engineering and hand therapy have proven to be highly effective in rehabilitating a girl with hypoxia-induced cerebral palsy. Through a comprehensive rehabilitation program, the patient's physical, cognitive, and communication abilities have significantly improved. This case report underscores the importance of early intervention in maximizing outcomes for children with spastic quadriplegia. By providing ongoing support and tailoring rehabilitation programs to individual needs, it is possible to help these children reach their full potential, aligning with the World Health Organization's definition of rehabilitation as a process to improve performance and reduce disability.
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